{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T11:10:38Z","timestamp":1772277038403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis can negatively impact both overall health and female reproductive function. This study investigated the relationship between the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) status and pregnancy outcomes in infertile women, with untreated \u201cinactive\u201d tuberculosis lesions observed on chest radiography, who are undergoing <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This ambispective cohort study, which includes retrospective (2012\u20132019) and prospective (2020\u20132024) cohorts, enrolled infertile women with untreated inactive tuberculosis lesions visible on chest imaging who are planning to undergo IVF-ET. All patients underwent IGRA testing. Baseline characteristics, such as age, body mass index (BMI), infertility factors, ultrasound follicle count, and hormone levels, were collected. Pregnancy outcomes, including live birth rates, oocyte retrieval numbers, embryo quality, clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and preterm birth rates, were followed and compared between the IGRA-positive and IGRA-negative groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 836 patients, the IGRA positivity rate was 42.5%. The cumulative miscarriage rate was higher in the IGRA-positive group than in the IGRA-negative group (21.5% vs. 15.0%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.047). No significant differences were found in clinical pregnancy or live birth rates. Age, BMI, and endometrial thickness were independent risk factors influencing clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, while the IGRA status was not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In infertile women with untreated inactive tuberculosis lesions on chest radiography, IGRA positivity is associated with higher cumulative miscarriage rates following IVF-ET. Early IGRA screening and intervention may help improve pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1626519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T05:33:00Z","timestamp":1753335180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of IGRA positivity in untreated inactive pulmonary tuberculosis on IVF-ET outcomes in infertile women: an ambispective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Gai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zikang","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingge","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongchang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurox.2019.100104","article-title":"Lower cumulative live birth rates in cured endometrial tuberculosis patients after one ART cycle including all subsequent frozen-thaw cycles: a matched-pair study","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003255","article-title":"Tuberculosis in infertility and in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer","volume":"137","author":"Gai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0228-9","article-title":"Urogenital tuberculosis \u2013 epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features","volume":"16","author":"Muneer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2021.019","article-title":"Untreated prior pulmonary tuberculosis adversely affects pregnancy outcomes in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a large retrospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Gai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06564-z","article-title":"Acute miliary tuberculosis in pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a report of seven cases","volume":"21","author":"Gai","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749410","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.749410","article-title":"Impact of positive interferon-gamma release assay on IVF-ET pregnancy outcomes in infertile patients with untreated prior tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Gai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71085-0","article-title":"LATENTTB-NSTM study team. 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