{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:20:11Z","timestamp":1787170811636,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are major health concerns for women of childbearing age (WCBA), with complex pathogenesis and significant global burden. Understanding their epidemiological trends and risk factors is critical for public health planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database were analyzed to assess the burden of PCOS, uterine cancer, and T2DM across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rates of prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were evaluated. Risk factor contributions, including high body mass index (BMI) and metabolic risks, were also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2021, T2DM had the highest age-standardized incidence rate (267.85 per 100,000), followed by PCOS (64.44) and uterine cancer (2.87). From 1990 to 2021, T2DM incidence rose most significantly, while PCOS and uterine cancer also showed increasing trends. High BMI contributed to 30.76% of uterine cancer deaths and 62.87% of T2DM deaths, whereas metabolic risks accounted for 100% of T2DM deaths.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rising global burden of PCOS, uterine cancer, and T2DM underscores a pressing public health challenge. Prioritizing healthy lifestyles in high-burden regions and fostering international collaboration are essential to mitigate these trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1628462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T05:24:27Z","timestamp":1752211467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Global burden of polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine cancer and diabetes mellitus type 2 among women of childbearing age: trends in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ming Zhu","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MaoHua","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhaoJun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RongXia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121717","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling of metformin-induced changes in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights and biomarker potential.","volume":"16","author":"Mujammami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071667","article-title":"The mediterranean lifestyle to contrast low-grade inflammation behavior in cancer.","volume":"15","author":"Divella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051013","article-title":"Immunomodulatory factors in primary endometrial cell cultures isolated from cancer and noncancerous human tissue-focus on RAGE and IDO1.","volume":"10","author":"Tkaczuk-W\u0142ach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071502","article-title":"The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in uterine cancer: A comprehensive review.","volume":"13","author":"Hamoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16481","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16481","article-title":"Global, regional, and national epidemiology of ischemic stroke from 1990 to 2021.","volume":"31","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e028193","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028193","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2019.","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77663-5","article-title":"Temporal trends of thyroid cancer in China and globally from 1990 to 2021: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-673600476-8","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0015","article-title":"Are clinicians contributing to excess African American COVID-19 deaths? 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