{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:37:01Z","timestamp":1793644621438,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Brucellosis remains one of the most impactful zoonotic diseases worldwide, posing major socioeconomic and public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This review presents recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, emphasizing the role of key adhesins\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>SP29, SP41, BigA, BigB, BamA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , B\n                    <jats:italic>maB, BmaC, Bp26, BtaF<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>BtaE<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014in host-pathogen interactions that drive adhesion, invasion, and immune evasion. We also critically assess current diagnostic approaches, including conventional culture techniques, serological assays, and emerging molecular platforms, which offer improved sensitivity and specificity. Current treatment regimens involve extended antibiotic combinations\u2014typically doxycycline with rifampin or streptomycin\u2014and may include surgical intervention in complicated cases. Additionally, the integration of nanotechnology-based drug delivery and traditional Chinese medicine offers promising adjunctive therapies. Although several animal vaccines exist, no approved vaccine is currently available for human use. Novel vaccine platforms, including live vectors, DNA subunits, and nanoparticle-based formulations, are under development. Finally, we address the disease's broad socioeconomic impact\u2014ranging from livestock losses to healthcare burdens\u2014and highlight ongoing challenges, such as diagnostic limitations, antimicrobial resistance, underreporting, and barriers to vaccine development. A One Health approach, alongside translational research and integrated surveillance, is vital to advancing prevention and control strategies for this neglected zoonosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1629008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T05:42:12Z","timestamp":1759902132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Unraveling brucellosis: advances in pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, therapeutic innovations, and public health perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abdulaziz M.","family":"Almuzaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Elbehiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2021.1894501","article-title":"Importance of brucellosis control programs of livestock on the improvement of one health","volume":"41","author":"Dadar","year":"","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082070","article-title":"Brucellosis and one health: inherited and future challenges","volume":"11","author":"Moriy\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295398","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2295398","article-title":"Brucellosis: 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