{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:25:44Z","timestamp":1764739544154,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male genital dermatoses encompass a diverse range of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions with overlapping clinical presentations, often leading to diagnostic challenges. Misdiagnosis can result in inappropriate management and significant patient distress, particularly given the sensitive nature of the anatomical site. Although histopathology remains the diagnostic gold standard, non-invasive tools such as dermoscopy are becoming increasingly valuable for preliminary evaluation. A thorough understanding of the clinical features associated with male genital dermatoses is essential for achieving accurate diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our retrospective study analyzed 572 histopathologically confirmed cases of lesions on the male external genitalia at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2015 to 2025. Data included demographics, disease duration, lesion distribution, dermoscopy results if exists, and clinical-dermatoscopic-pathological concordance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort with a mean age of 47.6 years, exhibited distinct age-specific patterns: adolescents (1.2%) had inflammatory\/autoimmune conditions; adults (70.6%) showed human papillomavirus-associated (Bowenoid papulosis, genital warts) and inflammatory diseases (lichen sclerosus); and elderly patients (28.1%) had higher malignancy rates (extramammary Paget\u2019s disease, squamous cell carcinoma). Overall, inflammatory diseases (33.7%) and tumors (33.4%) were the most common diagnoses. Notably, diagnostic clinical-pathological discordance was observed in 34.6% of cases, particularly for lichen planus (4.9%) and extramammary Paget\u2019s disease (2.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the diverse etiologies of male genital dermatoses and underscores the necessity of age-stratified evaluations. The use of dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy and minimizes the need for unnecessary biopsies. Conditions such as extramammary Paget\u2019s disease, bowenoid papulosis, and lichen sclerosus require heightened awareness due to their potential for malignancy or diagnostic complexity. Integrating clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological data is critical for effective management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1630632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:20:33Z","timestamp":1764739233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male external genital skin disorders: a retrospective analysis from a tertiary hospital in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yue-Tong","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Lai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.142408","article-title":"A study of pattern of nonvenereal genital dermatoses of male attending skin OPD at a tertiary care center.","volume":"35","author":"Saraswat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"68","article-title":"A study of 200 cases of genital lesions of non-venereal origin.","volume":"64","author":"Acharya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"505","article-title":"Common genital dermatoses in male patients attending a public sexually transmitted disease clinic in Singapore.","volume":"24","author":"Khoo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28040260","article-title":"Extramammary Paget\u2019s disease: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment with focus on recent developments.","volume":"28","author":"Ishizuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Oncol."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"13233","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of extramammary Paget\u2019s disease: report of 246 Chinese male patients.","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15439","article-title":"Genital premalignant and malignant diseases: a retrospective study of male genital skin biopsies.","volume":"60","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061603","article-title":"Atypical manifestations of syphilis: a 10-year retrospective study.","volume":"13","author":"Ciccarese","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2025.e02170","article-title":"Unusual syphilis manifestation: from breast implant rupture to systemic erythroderma.","volume":"39","author":"Moris","year":"2025","journal-title":"IDCases."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102448","article-title":"Dermoscopic findings of genital keratotic lesions: bowenoid papulosis, seborrheic keratosis, and condyloma acuminatum.","volume":"36","author":"Seong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Bowenoid Papulosis.","volume-title":"StatPearls.","author":"Chamli","year":"2025"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14869","article-title":"Male genital lichen sclerosus associated with urological interventions and microincontinence: a case series of 21 patients.","volume":"47","author":"Panou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14488","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients.","volume":"32","author":"Kravvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E747","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180262","article-title":"Psoriasis localized to the glans penis in a 37-year-old man.","volume":"190","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000523818","article-title":"Case of male genital psoriasis without involvement of the glans penis.","volume":"14","author":"Zubrzycki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17286","article-title":"Pigmented nonmelanoma skin cancers of the genital area: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge - monocentric experience and review of the literature.","volume":"63","author":"Licata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16723","article-title":"Dermoscopy of genital diseases: a review.","volume":"34","author":"Lacarrubba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04423.x","article-title":"Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosis of mammary and extramammary Paget\u2019s disease.","volume":"27","author":"Guitera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091531","article-title":"Correlations between histopathological and confocal reflectance microscopy aspects in a patient with bowenoid papulosis.","volume":"13","author":"Cozma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11337","article-title":"Exploring reflectance confocal microscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for genital lichen sclerosus.","volume":"23","author":"Kantere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13304","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13304","article-title":"Male genital lichen sclerosus in a pediatric case: a focus on the reflectance confocal microscopy presentation.","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13158","article-title":"Comparison of dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy accuracy for the diagnosis of psoriasis and lichen planus.","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051345","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging for the diagnosis of genital warts and their imitators.","volume":"13","author":"Cinotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-018-0218-9","article-title":"Confocal microscopy in skin skin cancer.","volume":"7","author":"Ahlgrimm-Siess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Dermatol Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1630632\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:20:37Z","timestamp":1764739237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1630632\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1630632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1630632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"article-number":"1630632"}}