{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T18:17:22Z","timestamp":1793989042674,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common and frequently occurring condition primarily caused by lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (LIVDD) and protrusion of the nucleus pulposus (NP), with low back pain and lower limb pain as the main clinical manifestations. It is characterized by a prolonged disease course and a high recurrence rate, with patients often experiencing long-term suffering, significantly impairing their quality of life and mental health. Studies have found that some LDH patients, without undergoing surgery or chemonucleolysis, experience spontaneous shrinkage and resorption of the intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue, along with relief of back and leg pain-a phenomenon referred to as LDH reabsorption. Modern medical research suggests that this reabsorption process is closely related to factors such as inflammatory responses, macrophage activation, extracellular matrix enzyme balance, neovascularization, ferroptosis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and cellular autophagy. However, the precise mechanisms of LDH reabsorption and commonly used clinical therapies remain unclear, leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes. This study systematically reviews the relevant literature on LDH reabsorption, focusing on clinical diagnosis, underlying mechanisms, and common therapeutic strategies, aiming to summarize recent research progress and provide theoretical references for future clinical prevention and treatment of LDH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1633762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1753680672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lumbar disc herniation reabsorption: a review of clinical manifestations, mechanisms, and conservative treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchen","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309663","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1309663","article-title":"Clinical effects and biological mechanisms of exercise on lumbar disc herniation","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169581","article-title":"Regression of lumbar disc herniation by physiotherapy. Does non-surgical spinal decompression therapy make a difference? Double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Demirel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.4.346","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of extruded lumbar disc herniation: correlation with clinical outcome","volume":"35","author":"Kesikburun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0035-x","article-title":"Effect of continuous lumbar traction on the size of herniated disc material in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Ozturk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209250","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of sciatica","volume":"368","author":"El Barzouhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.04.006","article-title":"Intradural disc herniation in the setting of congenital lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"68","author":"Ghaffari-Rafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.12.115","article-title":"Spontaneous resorption of herniated lumbar disk: observational retrospective study in 9 patients","volume":"124","author":"Elkholy","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.1.E45","article-title":"Incidence of spontaneous resorption of lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19310","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019310","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis for Chinese herbal medicine duhuo jisheng decoction in treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a protocol for a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199805010-00005","article-title":"Regression of cervical disc herniation observed on magnetic resonance images","volume":"23","author":"Mochida","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-022-02894-8","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanisms of resorption in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07718-0","article-title":"Are current machine learning applications comparable to radiologist classification of degenerate and herniated discs and modic change? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Compte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147408","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2147408","article-title":"Long-term course to lumbar disc resorption patients and predictive factors associated with disc resorption","volume":"2017","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002150-00014","article-title":"Effect of the transligamentous extension of lumbar disc herniations on their regression and the clinical outcome of sciatica","volume":"25","author":"Ahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/028418519403500503","article-title":"Ct changes after conservative treatment for lumbar disk herniation","volume":"35","author":"Dullerud","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491","article-title":"Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Arango","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.59.159","article-title":"A smooth muscle nodule producing 10-12 cycle\/min regular contractions at the mesenteric border of the pacemaker area in the guinea-pig colon","volume":"59","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Histol Cytol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1743-4","article-title":"The inflammatory response in the regression of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"20","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199601150-00013","article-title":"The natural history of herniated nucleus pulposus with radiculopathy","volume":"21","author":"Komori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"632","article-title":"Ct demonstration of disk regression after conservative therapy","volume":"5","author":"Guinto","year":"1984","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1511194","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine. Resolution of lumbar disk herniation without surgery","volume":"374","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000515308","article-title":"Clinical and radiological follow-up results of patients with sequestered lumbar disc herniation: a prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Sucuoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1115","article-title":"Correlation of 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging with clinical and intraoperative findings for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"10","author":"Dutta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199402001-00021","article-title":"Gadolinium-DTPA--enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of a sequestered lumbar intervertebral disc and its correlation with pathologic findings","volume":"19","author":"Yamashita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.6.11","article-title":"Spontaneous resorption in recurrent intradural lumbar disc herniation. Case report","volume":"6","author":"Sakai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199801010-00015","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in conservative management of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"23","author":"Komori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2023-0152","article-title":"Prediction and mechanisms of spontaneous resorption in lumbar disc herniation: narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.145.2.371","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of herniated nucleus pulposus","volume":"145","author":"Teplick","year":"1985","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00013","article-title":"The natural history of lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions treated nonoperatively","volume":"15","author":"Saal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/02841859009173096","article-title":"Size of lumbar disc hernias measured using computed tomography and related to sciatic symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Fagerlund","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199208000-00010","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation. Computed tomography scan changes after conservative treatment of nerve root compression","volume":"17","author":"Delauche-Cavallier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.1.1523297","article-title":"Lumbar disk herniation: mr imaging assessment of natural history in patients treated without surgery","volume":"185","author":"Bozzao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-004-1232-0","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of lumbar disk herniation: predictive signs for prognostic evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Splendiani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B6.18712","article-title":"Observations on the natural history of massive lumbar disc herniation","volume":"89","author":"Cribb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1473(10)70065-8","article-title":"Spontaneous regression from intervertebral disc herniation. Propos of a series of 37 cases","volume":"21","author":"Martinez-Quinones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000217681.83524.4a","article-title":"Determinants of spontaneous resorption of intervertebral disc herniations","volume":"31","author":"Autio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000132511.46818.67","article-title":"Effect of periradicular methylprednisolone on spontaneous resorption of intervertebral disc herniations","volume":"29","author":"Autio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666355","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666355","article-title":"Revealing the immune infiltration landscape and identifying diagnostic biomarkers for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.04.003","article-title":"Association between vertebral endplate defects and patient-reported symptoms: an immunohistochemical study investigating the cox-2\/pge-2\/ep-4 axis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69700-0","article-title":"Identification of copper death-associated molecular clusters and immunological profiles for lumbar disc herniation based on the machine learning","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27444","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine expression profile in degenerated and herniated human intervertebral disc tissues","volume":"62","author":"Shamji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2275","article-title":"Catabolic cytokine expression in degenerate and herniated human intervertebral discs: il-1beta and tnfalpha expression profile","volume":"9","author":"Le Maitre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-04117-7","article-title":"Lumbar disc extrusions reduce faster than bulging discs due to an active role of macrophages in sciatica","volume":"162","author":"Djuric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014","article-title":"Heterogeneous macrophages contribute to the pathology of disc herniation induced radiculopathy","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108914","article-title":"Demethoxycurcumin mitigates inflammatory responses in lumbar disc herniation via MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways in vivo and in vitro","volume":"108","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5940","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5940","article-title":"Selective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in human neutrophils stimulated by il-1beta","volume":"167","author":"Suzuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5296.90","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by ask1, a mammalian mapkkk that activates sapk\/jnk and p38 signaling pathways","volume":"275","author":"Ichijo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1112","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003076","article-title":"Sfks\/p38 pathway is involved in radicular pain by promoting spinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"44","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4349-4","article-title":"A cohort study comparing the serum levels of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with lumbar radicular pain and healthy subjects","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0364-y","article-title":"Cd300f immunoreceptor contributes to peripheral nerve regeneration by the modulation of macrophage inflammatory phenotype","volume":"12","author":"Peluffo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000149194.17891.bf","article-title":"Intervertebral disc cells produce tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 immediately after herniation: an experimental study using a new hernia model","volume":"30","author":"Yoshida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7090","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-3 \u2013 dependent generation of a macrophage chemoattractant in a model of herniated disc resorption","volume":"105","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23965","article-title":"A potential role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the recruitment of macrophages to mouse intervertebral disc cells via monocyte chemotactic protein 1 induction: implications for herniated discs","volume":"58","author":"Ohba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216847","article-title":"Inhibition of mfn 1 restores tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in resistant cells by disrupting aberrant mitochondrial fusion dynamics","volume":"590","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00007","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc","volume":"25","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-014-0571-x","article-title":"Translational research of herniated discs: current status of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Haro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.11.039","article-title":"Experimental chemonucleolysis with recombinant human matrix metalloproteinase 7 in human herniated discs and dogs","volume":"14","author":"Haro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.08.020","article-title":"Experimental studies on the effects of recombinant human matrix metalloproteinases on herniated disc tissues--how to facilitate the natural resorption process of herniated discs","volume":"23","author":"Haro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905150-00003","article-title":"Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on spontaneous resorption of herniated intervertebral discs. An experimental study in the rabbit","volume":"24","author":"Minamide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00150-4","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)-induced angiogenesis in herniated disc resorption","volume":"20","author":"Haro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2842-1","article-title":"Relationship between neovascularization and degenerative changes in herniated lumbar intervertebral discs","volume":"22","author":"Ratsep","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.01.574","article-title":"Transient depletion of macrophages alters local inflammatory response at the site of disc herniation in a transgenic mouse model","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20727","article-title":"Tnf-alpha-induced nf-kappab signaling reverses age-related declines in vegf induction and angiogenic activity in intervertebral disc tissues","volume":"27","author":"Ohba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-023-00279-1","article-title":"Bone regeneration in inflammation with aging and cell-based immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"43","author":"Kushioka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.102074","article-title":"Exosomal mirna-155-5p from m1-polarized macrophages suppresses angiogenesis by targeting gdf 6 to interrupt diabetic wound healing","volume":"34","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.02.012","article-title":"The role of macrophage phenotype in vascularization of tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"35","author":"Spiller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.06.010","article-title":"Single-cell rna-seq analysis identifies unique chondrocyte subsets and reveals involvement of ferroptosis in human intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2809","article-title":"Interleukin-2 is upregulated in patients with a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc and modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix metabolism of human nucleus pulposus cells","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5039","article-title":"P 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition modulates nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis in spontaneous resorption of herniated intervertebral discs: an experimental study in rats","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2020.104570","article-title":"Targeting mir-10a-5p\/il-6r axis for reducing il-6-induced cartilage cell ferroptosis","volume":"118","author":"Bin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30039","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress-induced annulus fibrosus cell and nucleus pulposus cell ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration pathogenesis","volume":"236","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.018","article-title":"Iron overload promotes intervertebral disc degeneration via inducing oxidative stress and ferroptosis in endplate chondrocytes","volume":"190","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00368-2","article-title":"Increased hemoglobin and heme in maldi-tof ms analysis induce ferroptosis and promote degeneration of herniated human nucleus pulposus","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.107021","article-title":"Targeting ferroptosis to enhance the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396319666221221110728","article-title":"Mitochondria in early life","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580070","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.580070","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics: fission and fusion in fate determination of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123893","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics in stem cells and differentiation","volume":"19","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00745-9","article-title":"Hsp70 attenuates compression-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by suppressing mitochondrial fission via upregulating the expression of sirt3","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04266-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA induces nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis via the TLR 9-NF-kappaB-NLRP3 axis","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-013-0839-1","article-title":"Cell death in intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6685043","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6685043","article-title":"Allicin attenuated advanced oxidation protein product-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells","volume":"2020","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122764","article-title":"Mitochondrial 'birth-death' coordinator: an intelligent hydrogen nanogenerator to enhance intervertebral disc regeneration","volume":"313","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239770","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2239770","article-title":"Oxidative stress in intervertebral disc degeneration: new insights from bioinformatic strategies","volume":"2022","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931844","article-title":"Some current insights into oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Durackova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.160","article-title":"Role of cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: pain and disc content","volume":"10","author":"Risbud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.06.005","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflamm-aging and immunosenescence","volume":"74","author":"Cannizzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Proteome"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24020247","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R1 protects db\/db mice against diabetic nephropathy via upregulation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"4912","article-title":"Knockdown of microrna-96-5p resists oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10216","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205920","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced egr1 upregulation promotes nr4a3-mediated nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.10.002","article-title":"Autophagy is activated in compression-induced cell degeneration and is mediated by reactive oxygen species in nucleus pulposus cells exposed to compression","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.06.018","article-title":"Autophagy protects end plate chondrocytes from intermittent cyclic mechanical tension induced calcification","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036274","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4036274","article-title":"Oxidative stress aggravates apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells through m (6) a modification of mat2a pre-mrna by mettl16","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040485","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in degenerative lumbar spine tissues: insights into oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108863","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108863","article-title":"Autophagy in major human diseases","volume":"40","author":"Klionsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2022774","article-title":"Autophagy in human diseases","volume":"383","author":"Mizushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3322","article-title":"Cartilage endplate stem cells inhibit intervertebral disc degeneration by releasing exosomes to nucleus pulposus cells to activate akt\/autophagy","volume":"39","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1159\/000487970","article-title":"Sestrin-mediated inhibition of stress-induced intervertebral disc degradation through the enhancement of autophagy","volume":"45","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1874132","article-title":"Atg7 is dispensable for lc3-pe conjugation in thioglycolate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Vujic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170035","article-title":"Regulation of selective autophagy: the p 62\/sqstm1 paradigm","volume":"61","author":"Lamark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1021-4","article-title":"Il-33\/st2 signaling contributes to radicular pain by modulating mapk and nf-kappab activation and inflammatory mediator expression in the spinal cord in rat models of noncompressive lumber disk herniation","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1159\/000366330","article-title":"The responses of autophagy and apoptosis to oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells: implications for disc degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103631","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202103631","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals multicellular ecosystem of nucleus pulposus during degeneration progression","volume":"9","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051212","article-title":"Role of norepinephrine in IL-1beta-induced chondrocyte dedifferentiation under physioxia","volume":"20","author":"Speichert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e138107","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138107","article-title":"Ventromedial hypothalamic primary cilia control energy and skeletal homeostasis","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300250","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202300250","article-title":"Sympathetic neurotransmitter, vip, delays intervertebral disc degeneration via fgf18\/fgfr2-mediated activation of akt signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Biol (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1026","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1026","article-title":"Mechanotransduction and cell biomechanics of the intervertebral disc","volume":"1","author":"Fearing","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.581","article-title":"The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions","volume":"133","author":"Gatchel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9179-y","article-title":"Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain","volume":"7","author":"Meerwijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eab","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj7360","article-title":"Brain circuits for pain and its treatment","volume":"13","author":"Mercer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147254","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1147254","article-title":"The role of catastrophizing and basic psychological needs satisfaction on health-related quality of life and pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"14","author":"Ionescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372912796","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121231203684","article-title":"Evaluation of a mobile-application educational intervention on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients in postoperative care for lumbar disk herniation surgery: a randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Sadeghpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100210","article-title":"Intervertebral disc cell fate during aging and degeneration: apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Yurube","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051367","article-title":"Effects of 120 g\/h of carbohydrates intake during a mountain marathon on exercise-induced muscle damage in elite runners","volume":"12","author":"Viribay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104926","article-title":"Does motor control training improve pain and function in adults with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 861 subjects in 16 trials","volume":"56","author":"Pourahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004316","article-title":"The effect of a stretch and strength-based yoga exercise program on patients with neuropathic pain due to lumbar disc herniation","volume":"47","author":"Yildirim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202310_34125","article-title":"The necessity and timing of exercise after lumbar disc herniation surgery","volume":"27","author":"Uysal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12120","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine treatment for ruptured lumbar disc herniation: clinical observations in 102 cases","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.5921","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of lumbar spinal stenosis: a review","volume":"327","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00209-w","article-title":"A comprehensive review of over the counter treatment for chronic low back pain","volume":"10","author":"Peck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"66","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain","volume":"34","author":"van der Gaag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emergencias"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.08.030","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for postoperative pain control after lumbar spine surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD13815","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013815.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of cochrane reviews","volume":"4","author":"Cashin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-022-00435-3","article-title":"Systematic review of guideline-recommended medications prescribed for treatment of low back pain","volume":"30","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132532","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective","volume":"27","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03548-z","article-title":"The incidence of regression after the non-surgical treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E639","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2021.24.E639","article-title":"Conservative treatment for giant lumbar disc herniation: clinical study in 409 cases","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1723","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in dorsal root ganglia of a lumbar spinal stenosis model in rats","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.306062","article-title":"Topical delivery of nerve growth factor for treatment of ocular and brain disorders","volume":"16","author":"Eftimiadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.286976","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against acrylamide-induced neuronal and synaptic injury via the trkb-mapk-erk1\/2 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010071","article-title":"The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic pain: links to central sensitization and neuroinflammation","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02527-4","article-title":"Predictive value of s100b and brain derived neurotrophic factor for radiofrequency treatment of lumbar disc prolapse","volume":"24","author":"Fathy","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0740-2","article-title":"Effects of human midkine on spontaneous resorption of herniated intervertebral discs","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(94)00183-Z","article-title":"Midkine is present in the early stage of cerebral infarct","volume":"85","author":"Yoshida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"726","article-title":"Outcomes of conservative treatment for ruptured lumbar disc herniation","volume":"79","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"457","article-title":"Clinical treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Ital Chir"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-08064-x","article-title":"The impact of novel inflammation-preserving treatment towards lumbar disc herniation resorption in symptomatic patients: a prospective, multi-imaging and clinical outcomes study","volume":"33","author":"Albert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"E995","article-title":"Effectiveness of intradiscal regenerative medicine therapies for long-term relief of chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66995","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66995","article-title":"Association between spinopelvic parameters and clinical outcomes of patients treated with transforaminal platelet-rich plasma injections for lumbar disc prolapse","volume":"16","author":"R","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7794","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207794","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: new performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020","volume":"21","author":"Everts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.s1","article-title":"Responsible, safe, and effective use of biologics in the management of low back pain: american society of interventional pain physicians (asipp) guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Navani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.08.010","article-title":"Lumbar intradiskal platelet-rich plasma (prp) injections: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Tuakli-Wosornu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2023.0115","article-title":"Lumbar transforaminal injection of steroids versus platelet-rich plasma for prolapse lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy: a randomized double-blind controlled pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_821_22","article-title":"Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma (prp) on low back pain in patients with prolapsed intervertebral disc: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25289","article-title":"Detection of extracellular matrix degradation in intervertebral disc degeneration by diffusion magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c67f1e","article-title":"The reactions of glial cells and endoneurial macrophages in the dorsal root ganglion and their contribution to pain-related behavior after application of nucleus pulposus onto the nerve root in rats","volume":"35","author":"Otoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI\/2008\/9\/8\/221","article-title":"Treatment of neuroinflammation by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type ii fused to a thermally responsive carrier","volume":"9","author":"Shamji","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae049","article-title":"Cell-based therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"13","author":"Trapana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.14444\/8054","article-title":"Stem cells and intervertebral disc regeneration overview-what they can and can't do","volume":"15","author":"Vadala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.23736\/S0390-5616.16.03266-X","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in lumbar spine surgery: a single institution experience about red bone marrow and fat tissue derived mscs","volume":"61","author":"Piccirilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-015-0621-7","article-title":"The role of stem cell therapies in degenerative lumbar spine disease: a review","volume":"38","author":"Oehme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182298a15","article-title":"Intervertebral disc repair by autologous mesenchymal bone marrow cells: a pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Orozco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref154","first-page":"193","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic low back pain due to severe lumbar spinal degeneration: a 12-month, open-label, prospective controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Atluri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.08.007","article-title":"Lumbar epidural steroid injections","volume":"29","author":"Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-230051","article-title":"Predictors of successful treatment after transforaminal epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"37","author":"Sariyildiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz160","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal injection of steroid for the treatment of radicular pain: a comprehensive review of the published data","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.381","article-title":"Resorption of massive lumbar disc herniation on mri treated with epidural steroid injection: a retrospective study of 28 cases","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03218-5","article-title":"Development of a spinopelvic complex finite element model for quantitative analysis of the biomechanical response of patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"63","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref160","first-page":"6941","article-title":"Effect of traditional Chinese manual therapy on alleviating pain and dysfunction of lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5670303","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5670303","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of mechanical traction as physical therapy for lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587215605419","article-title":"Efficacy of warm needle moxibustion on lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24203","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024203","article-title":"Tuina for lumbar disc herniation: a protocol for systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"100","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1633762\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1753680676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1633762\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":163,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1633762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1633762","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"article-number":"1633762"}}