{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:16:23Z","timestamp":1788480983659,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are stable RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and hold promise as biomarkers. Functional dyspepsia (FD), a complex gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by motility dysfunction, visceral hypersensitivity, and gut microbiome alterations. Given the limitations of current diagnostic markers, miRNAs may offer novel insights for diagnosis and risk stratification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an observational case\u2013control study involving 28 FD patients (14 with epigastric pain syndrome [EPS], 14 with postprandial distress syndrome [PDS]) and 22 healthy controls (HC). All subjects underwent gastroscopy with gastric juice collection. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure levels of selected miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-203a) in gastric fluid, with miR-16 and U6 as endogenous controls. Fold-change in miRNA expression was calculated. We compared miRNA levels between groups and between FD subtypes and assessed correlations with symptom severity (using the Functional Dyspepsia Symptom Diary scores). Statistical significance was determined by non-parametric tests, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 as threshold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastric juice miR-21-5p was significantly elevated in FD patients compared to controls (FD: 19.98 \u00b1 91.56 fold-change vs. HC: 2.63 \u00b1 3.30 fold-change <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.00774). In contrast, miR-155-5p and miR-203a levels did not differ significantly overall between FD and healthy groups. However, within FD, PDS patients showed a distinct profile: markedly higher miR-21 and miR-155 but lower miR-203 relative to EPS patients. MiRNA levels correlated with symptom patterns: miR-21 and miR-155 levels were inversely correlated with epigastric pain intensity (\u03c4 = \u22120.517 and \u22120.317, respectively) but positively correlated with postprandial fullness and early satiety (\u03c4 up to 0.523, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Conversely, miR-203 showed direct correlation with epigastric pain (\u03c4 = 0.317, p = 0.023) and inverse correlation with fullness (\u03c4 = \u22120.523, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). A history of Helicobacter pylori infection was associated with a significant reduction in gastric juice miR-203 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u223c 0.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>FD patients might have altered gastric juice miRNA profiles, notably an upregulation of miR-21, and distinctive differences between PDS and EPS subtypes. The PDS subtype is characterized by a high-miR-21 and miR-155 and low-miR-203 signature, whereas the opposite pattern is observed in EPS. These miRNA alterations align with the symptomatology of FD subtypes and may reflect underlying pathophysiological differences. Gastric juice miRNAs could serve as minimally invasive biomarkers for FD, aiding in differentiating functional subgroups and potentially guiding targeted therapies. Further studies are warranted to confirm this findings and establish their diagnostic utility and role in FD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1636825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:27:55Z","timestamp":1756186075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gastric juice MicroRNAs as biomarkers for functional dyspepsia: an observational case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Radu 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