{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:58:28Z","timestamp":1783436308437,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional cadaveric dissection is considered the gold standard in anatomical education; however, its accessibility is limited by ethical, logistical, and financial constraints. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) scanning technologies provide an alternative approach that enhances anatomical visualization while preserving the fidelity of real human specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to create digitized 3D models of dissected human cadaveric specimens using a handheld structured-light scanner, thus providing a sustainable and accessible resource for educational and clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight human cadaveric specimens were dissected and scanned using the Artec 3D Spider handheld scanner. The obtained scans were processed in Artec Studio 17 Professional and further processed in Blender software. Finalized 3D models were exported in.MP4 format and paired with two-dimensional (2D) images for enhanced anatomical understanding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 12 anatomical 3D models were successfully created, capturing detailed anatomical landmarks with a resolution of 0.1 mm and an accuracy of 0.05 mm. The models encompassed key anatomical regions or organs, including the brain, skull, face, neck, thorax, heart, abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb. The combination of 3D models alongside 2D images allowed for interactive and immersive learning, as well as improving spatial comprehension of complex anatomical structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of high-fidelity 3D scanning technology provides a promising alternative to traditional dissection by offering an accessible, sustainable, and detailed representation of spatial relationships in the human body. This approach enhances medical education and clinical practice, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1644808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:01:17Z","timestamp":1758704477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-fidelity 3D models of human cadavers and their organs with the use of handheld scanner\u2013Alternative method in medical education and clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Michalik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szczepanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Biel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Mordarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Fryzlewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Jaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Maciaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Pierzcha\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Walocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Dobrzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020712","article-title":"Indoor formaldehyde concentration, personal formaldehyde exposure and clinical symptoms during anatomy dissection sessions, university of medicine 1, Yangon","volume":"18","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04535-3","article-title":"Full-sized realistic 3D printed models of liver and tumour anatomy: a useful tool for the clinical medicine education of beginning trainees","volume":"23","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10046","article-title":"The human cadaver in the age of biomedical informatics","volume":"269","author":"Aziz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat Rec."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-010-0721-6","article-title":"The study techniques of Asian, American, and European medical students during gross anatomy and neuroanatomy courses in Poland","volume":"33","author":"Zurada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11198","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111198","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and cancer risk assessment in an anatomy laboratory","volume":"18","author":"Adamovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.46607\/iamj1610012022","article-title":"Review article on the pros and cons of virtual dissection Ver-Sus Cadaveric Dissection","author":"Kalladan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Ayurved Med J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-02242-x","article-title":"The role of 3D printed models in the teaching of human anatomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-022-01595-w","article-title":"Using 3D printing to improve student education of complex anatomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Salazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1275","article-title":"Experimental evidence for improved neuroimaging interpretation using three-dimensional graphic models","volume":"5","author":"Ruisoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04436-5","article-title":"Using three-dimensional printed models for trainee orbital fracture education","volume":"23","author":"Rama","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2024.101641","article-title":"The Wade Programme in surgical anatomy: educational approach and 10-year review","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Prob Surg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14227-8_1","article-title":"Interactive 3D digital models for anatomy and medical education","volume":"1138","author":"Erolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25922","article-title":"Applying the science of learning to the teaching and learning of surgical skills: the basics of surgical education","volume":"122","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(","article-title":"Basic surgical training 2: interactions with the undergraduate medical curriculum","volume":"9","author":"Willan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21065","article-title":"What impact does anatomy education have on clinical practice?","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20662","article-title":"Are we teaching sufficient anatomy at medical school? The opinions of newly qualified doctors","volume":"21","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2021.05.002","article-title":"The biology and psychology of surgical learning","volume":"101","author":"Schenarts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1345","article-title":"\u201cLet's Get Physical\u201d: advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy","volume":"6","author":"Preece","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-13-131","article-title":"Regular three-dimensional presentations improve in the identification of surgical liver anatomy - a randomized study","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcller-Stich","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpe.2016.05.002","article-title":"3D Anatomy models and impact on learning: a review of the quality of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Azer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Prof Educ"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3895027\/v1","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"3d Mdel a a Sce f Neaam Edcai: A Seie Whie Mae Dieci Uig 3d Image ad Phgamme Sca"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephenson\n              RS\n            \n          \n          High Resolution 3-Dimensional Imaging of the Human Cardiac Conduction System from Microanatomy to Mathematical Modeling\n          \n          2017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07694-8"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Biomedical visualisation\n          \n          \n            \n              Rea\n              Editor PM\n            \n          \n          Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(00)00013-6","article-title":"Exploring the visible human using the VOXEL-MAN Framework","volume":"24","author":"Schiemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634481","article-title":"A realistic model of human structure from the visible human data","volume":"40","author":"H\u00f6hne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2301","article-title":"Developing 3D models using photogrammetry for virtual reality training in anatomy","volume":"16","author":"Krause","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.04.036","article-title":"Photogrammetry of the human brain: a novel method for three-dimensional quantitative exploration of the structural connectivity in neurosurgery and neurosciences","volume":"115","author":"de Benedictis","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06070-1_9","article-title":"Which tool is best: 3D scanning or photogrammetry \u2013 It depends on the task","volume":"1120","author":"Dixit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E488","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab355","article-title":"Qlone\u00ae: a simple method to create 360-degree photogrammetry-based 3-dimensional model of cadaveric specimens","volume":"21","author":"Gurses","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000361","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling and augmented and virtual reality simulations of the white matter anatomy of the cerebrum","volume":"23","author":"Gurses","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000358","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling and augmented reality and virtual reality simulation of fiber dissection of the cerebellum and brainstem","volume":"23","author":"Gurses","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041314","article-title":"Cybersickness and its severity arising from virtual reality content: a comprehensive study","volume":"22","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tria.2022.100214","article-title":"Assessment of the utility of Mixed Reality in medical education","volume":"28","author":"Kolecki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2035","article-title":"Virtual dissection: an interactive anatomy learning tool","volume":"14","author":"Wainman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06233-0","article-title":"Is virtual reality enhancing dental anatomy education? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bevizova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-02260-5","article-title":"Assessing the benefits of digital twins in neurosurgery: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Chumnanvej","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01575-5","article-title":"Digital twins for the era of personalized surgery","author":"Mekki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Digit Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01413-0","article-title":"Digital twin assisted surgery, concept, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Asciak","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1967\/s002449910558","article-title":"Enhancing contrast agents and radiotracers performance through hyaluronic acid-coating in neuroradiology and nuclear medicine","volume":"20","author":"Ganau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-009-0380-4","article-title":"Software for hepatic vessel classification: feasibility study for virtual surgery","volume":"5","author":"Sboarina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.23736\/S0390-5616.22.05526-6","article-title":"Simulation and virtual reality in intracranial aneurysms neurosurgical training: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Zaed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-2301","article-title":"Anatomical digital twins for medical education: a stepwise guide to create perpetual multimodal three-dimensional reconstruction of digital brain specimens","volume":"15","author":"Ou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.80117","article-title":"Virtual reality training in neurosurgery: review of current status and future applications","volume":"2","author":"Alaraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.08.016","article-title":"Skills training after night shift work enables acquisition of endovascular technical skills on a virtual reality simulator","volume":"53","author":"Naughton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9456-9","article-title":"Virtual reality training for endoscopic surgery: voluntary or obligatory?","volume":"22","author":"van Dongen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Endosc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2016.02.010","article-title":"Best teaching practices in anatomy education: a critical review","volume":"208","author":"Estai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22585","article-title":"Human preservation techniques in anatomy: a 21st century medical education perspective","volume":"28","author":"Balta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_162_2023","article-title":"Virtual neurosurgery anatomy laboratory: a collaborative and remote education experience in the metaverse","volume":"14","author":"Gonzalez-Romo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.2.JNS2486","article-title":"Creating a neuroanatomy education model with augmented reality and virtual reality simulations of white matter tracts","volume":"141","author":"Gurses","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000703","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling and extended reality simulations of the cross-sectional anatomy of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem","volume":"25","author":"Gurses","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.JNS23516","article-title":"Interactive microsurgical anatomy education using photogrammetry 3D models and an augmented reality cube","volume":"141","author":"Gurses","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12160","article-title":"Human body preservation \u2013 old and new techniques","volume":"224","author":"Brenner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anat"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1644808\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T09:01:22Z","timestamp":1758704482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1644808\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1644808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1644808","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"article-number":"1644808"}}