{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T05:16:23Z","timestamp":1763442983418,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an opportunistic pathogen with relatively low incidence but high mortality. Recently, reports of\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections have increased; however, infections caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (N. otitidiscaviarum)<\/jats:italic>\n                    remain relatively rare. Due to its non-specific clinical manifestations and imaging features,\n                    <jats:italic>N. ototidiscaviarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and no standardized guidelines currently exist for their diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we report a case of pulmonary infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>N. otitidiscaviarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which was diagnosed using a combination of traditional microbial morphology and second-generation sequencing, and subsequently showed improvement following treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and linezolid. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive literature review using PubMed to provide insights for improving the diagnosis and treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>N. otitidiscaviarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1646940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T05:12:52Z","timestamp":1763442772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: A case of Nocardia otitidiscaviarum pneumonia diagnosed by application of metagenome next-generation sequencing and a narrow literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002721","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00027-21","article-title":"Updated review on nocardia species: 2006\u20132021","volume":"35","author":"Traxler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.11.012","article-title":"Nocardiosis from 1888 to 2017","volume":"114","author":"Fatahi-Bafghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-022-00511-9","article-title":"A fatal case of disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum resistant to trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole: case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Barry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.304","article-title":"Human nocardia infections: a review of pulmonary nocardiosis","volume":"7","author":"Kandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181afa1c8","article-title":"Nocardiosis at the turn of the century","volume":"88","author":"Minero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.07.067","article-title":"Pulmonary nocardiosis with endobronchial involvement caused by nocardiaaraoensis","volume":"165","author":"Tajima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3755","article-title":"Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in an immunocompetent host: a case report and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156021","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01560-21","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of thenocardia species in China, 2009 to 2021","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1266","article-title":"Primary cutaneous Nocardia otitidiscaviarum infection: case report and review","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.65.3.360","article-title":"Systemic nocardia caviae infection","volume":"65","author":"Causey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.257120","article-title":"Disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum: a case report and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. 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