{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1793379155973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain afflicts approximately 20% of the global adult population and is frequently undertreated, with available pharmacologic options often associated with significant long-term adverse effects. Although omega-3 fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, current clinical evidence regarding their efficacy in pain management remains inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine how well omega-3 fatty acids reduce chronic pain, and to investigate how factors like disease type, dosage, treatment duration, and study design influence their effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) from inception to 14 February 2025 with no language restrictions. Forty-one randomised controlled trials (RCTs;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f3,759) met predefined criteria. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2. Pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) for pain intensity were obtained through random-effects meta-analyses. Subgroup, sensitivity, and publication-bias analyses were also conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Omega-3 fatty acids showed a moderate, statistically and clinically significant reduction in pain intensity with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of \u22120.55 (95% CI \u20130.76 to \u22120.34;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f87%). The relief was noticeable at 1\u202fmonth (SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.27) and improved by 6\u202fmonths (SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.83). Lower doses (\u22641.35\u202fg\/day) were more effective (SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.60) compared to higher doses (&amp;gt;1.35\u202fg; SMD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.53). The benefits were significant for rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, and other mixed chronic pain conditions, but not for osteoarthritis or mastalgia. There was minimal publication bias according to trim-and-fill adjustment, and leave-one-out tests confirmed robust results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation offers a clinically meaningful and time-dependent reduction in chronic pain, particularly at moderate doses and in certain disease contexts. Standardization of outcome measures, dose optimization, and long-term trials are needed to better define its role in pain management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251035960<\/jats:uri>\n                      , Identifier CRD420251035960.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1654661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:09:43Z","timestamp":1762326583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on chronic pain: a systematic review and 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