{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:15:57Z","timestamp":1783667757167,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010564","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Lungenforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microscopy is a cornerstone for diagnostics in lung disease but was traditionally restricted to biopsies and explanted tissue. Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) produces images with microscopic resolution without the need for exogenous markers. As recently demonstrated in excised mouse tissue, the combination with dynamic contrast (dmOCT) generates high contrast images of airway tissue. DmOCT therefore has the potential to be used for virtual biopsies in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the potential of dmOCT combined with endoscopic imaging, we scanned excised human lung tissue through a custom-built endoscope optic and compared the resulting dmOCT images with conventional histologic sections of the same tissue. We also assessed if imaging time can be substantially reduced while keeping sufficient dmOCT image quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopic dmOCT successfully visualized the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of human airways including smooth muscle cells and glands. The technique detected key structural changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration, basement membrane thickening, epithelial damage, and the transition to carcinoma <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>. In addition, dmOCT distinguished between different morphologies of human lung cancer present in the examined tissue. The image contrast for discriminating these structures remained sufficient even after the acquisition time was reduced to 0.054s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have shown that dmOCT, when combined with endoscopic optics, reaches the image quality and imaging speed making its use for virtual biopsies <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> realistic in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1658890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T05:22:53Z","timestamp":1760937773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Imaging of human airways by endoscope-compatible dynamic microscopic optical coherence 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