{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:03:13Z","timestamp":1793311393163,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mixed pain, defined by the concurrent involvement of nociceptive, neuropathic, and sometimes nociplastic mechanisms, poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within modern pain medicine. This complex pain phenotype is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and burdensome clinical entity, yet it remains substantially underdiagnosed and sub-optimally managed across diverse healthcare settings. Epidemiological data indicate that mixed pain affects a substantial proportion of patients with chronic pain syndromes and is consistently associated with more severe symptomatology, prolonged pain duration, functional impairment, diminished quality of life, and escalated healthcare resource utilization compared to pain of a single mechanism. In response to this unmet clinical need, the present recommendations aim to provide a structured, evidence-informed framework for the diagnosis and management of mixed pain. Developed through a rigorous process involving systematic literature review and multidisciplinary expert consensus, this document emphasizes the importance of mechanism-based therapeutic strategies tailored to the individual patient\u2019s pain profile. Central to the approach is the implementation of multimodal and interdisciplinary care models that address the biological, psychological, and functional dimensions of mixed pain. These recommendations are intended for a broad spectrum of healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians, pain specialists, neurologists, oncologists, physiatrists, nurses, pharmacists, physical and occupational therapists, and clinical psychologists. The target population encompasses patients affected by mixed pain conditions such as chronic low back pain with radiculopathy, cancer-related pain, persistent post-surgical pain, and osteoarthritis complicated by central sensitization. By facilitating accurate diagnosis and integrated treatment planning, these recommendations seek to advance clinical practice, reduce the burden of mixed pain, and enhance patient-centered outcomes. This guidance aims to transform mixed pain care by promoting mechanism-based, multidisciplinary strategies with direct clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T05:26:49Z","timestamp":1759987609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Mixed pain: clinical practice recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Narvaez Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Patricia","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aura Marixa","family":"Guerrero Li\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Leal","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezzat","family":"Samy Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gharibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Garcia-Larrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Moka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameen A.","family":"Al-Alwany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo Luigi Giuseppe","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1552042","article-title":"Current understanding of the mixed pain concept: a brief narrative review.","volume":"35","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22675","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN22675","article-title":"The role of microglia in perioperative pain and pain treatment: recent advances in research.","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000282763.29778.59","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes.","volume":"70","author":"Treede","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00706-w","article-title":"State-of-the-art personalized therapy approaches for chronic non-specific low back pain: understanding the mechanisms and drivers.","volume":"14","author":"Danilov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030694","article-title":"Myofascial pain syndrome: a nociceptive condition comorbid with neuropathic or nociplastic pain.","volume":"13","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07599-4","article-title":"Current trends in the medical treatment of neuropathic low back pain: a Swedish registry-based study of 1.7 million people.","volume":"25","author":"Nyqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-024-01248-7","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in cancer: What are the current guidelines?","volume":"25","author":"Mulvey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12739","article-title":"The post-mastectomy pain syndrome-a systematic review of the treatment modalities.","volume":"23","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.12.004","article-title":"Practice advisory for postoperative pain management of thoracic surgical patients: a report from the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists.","volume":"39","author":"Makkad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2023.100358","article-title":"Neuropathic-like symptoms and central sensitization related signs and symptoms negatively affect the functional performance of patients with knee osteoarthritis - a cross-sectional study.","volume":"5","author":"Goldoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil Open."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15010022","article-title":"A mediation appraisal of neuropathic-like symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and central sensitization-related signs in adults with knee osteoarthritis-a cross-sectional study.","volume":"15","author":"Salaffi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01371-6","article-title":"Trends in mixed pain research over three decades (1993-2024): a bibliometric analysis.","volume":"29","author":"Leoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2023.2293570","article-title":"A confirmatory factor analysis of an electronic format painDETECT questionnaire for patients with low back pain.","volume":"40","author":"Lapkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1109","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001109","article-title":"Application of PainDETECT in pediatric chronic pain: How well does it identify neuropathic pain and its characteristics?","volume":"8","author":"Hess","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1832058","article-title":"When to consider \u201cmixed pain\u201d? The right questions can make a difference!","volume":"36","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00260-1","article-title":"Management of Osteoarthritis: expert Opinion on NSAIDs.","volume":"10","author":"Magni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01409-0","article-title":"Modulating neuroplasticity for chronic pain relief: noninvasive neuromodulation as a promising approach.","volume":"57","author":"Jayathilake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00032-1","article-title":"Central sensitisation in chronic pain conditions: latest discoveries and their potential for precision medicine.","volume":"3","author":"Nijs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020412","article-title":"Classifying low back pain through pain mechanisms: a scoping review for physiotherapy practice.","volume":"14","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises.","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2023.2177401","article-title":"A Latin American consensus meeting on the essentials of mixed pain.","volume":"39","author":"Fernandez-Fairen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00165-5","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of cocoa: a review on future perspectives in treatment of pain.","volume":"9","author":"De Feo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0113","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: neuropathic pain\u2013a clinical perspective.","volume":"2","author":"Baron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S432209","article-title":"Different types of pain in complex regional pain syndrome require a personalized treatment strategy.","volume":"16","author":"Mangnus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.04.008","article-title":"Slow touch and ultrafast pain fibres: revisiting peripheral nerve classification.","volume":"163","author":"Olausson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(03)00006-x","article-title":"Translation of symptoms and signs into mechanisms in neuropathic pain.","volume":"102","author":"Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.2","article-title":"Neuropathic pain.","volume":"3","author":"Colloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000507","article-title":"Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states?","volume":"157","author":"Kosek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions.","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000735","article-title":"We do not need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states! Not yet.","volume":"158","author":"Granan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.90a.22019","article-title":"Central sensitization, chronic pain, and other symptoms: better understanding, better management.","volume":"90","author":"Volcheck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain.","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105964","article-title":"Mechanisms of chronic postsurgical pain.","volume":"50","author":"Tassou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61020319","article-title":"Central sensitization and its role in persistent pain among spondyloarthritis patients on biological treatments.","volume":"61","author":"\u00d6z","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00489-y","article-title":"Low back pain and radiofrequency denervation of facet joint: beyond pain control-a video recording.","volume":"12","author":"Giglio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154374","article-title":"The usefulness of virtual reality in symptom management during chemotherapy in lung cancer patients: a quasi-experimental study.","volume":"13","author":"Mitello","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01305-8","article-title":"Oral neuropathy associated with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents: a narrative review.","volume":"28","author":"Kouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00924-1","article-title":"A comprehensive review and update of post-surgical cutaneous nerve entrapment.","volume":"25","author":"Charipova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01308-5","article-title":"Virtual reality for postoperative pain management: a review of current evidence.","volume":"28","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00735-5","article-title":"Clinical benefits of ibuprofen arginine: a narrative review.","volume":"14","author":"Sarzi-Puttini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206013","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: new insight on its pathophysiology.","volume":"11","author":"Coaccioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.010","article-title":"Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4).","volume":"114","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X132488","article-title":"painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain.","volume":"22","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(00)00482-6","article-title":"The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs.","volume":"92","author":"Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2451051706","article-title":"Lumbar degenerative disk disease.","volume":"245","author":"Modic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B47","author":"Preston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book: Clinical-Electrophysiologic-Ultrasound Correlations."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1334-3","article-title":"The added value of multislice SPECT\/CT in patients with equivocal bony metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate.","volume":"37","author":"Helyar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111314","article-title":"Diagnostic use of ultrasound for patients with neuropathic pain.","volume":"96","author":"Lorenzana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00512-2","article-title":"Delphi-based expert consensus statements for the management of percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy in the treatment of lumbar facet joint syndrome.","volume":"12","author":"Occhigrossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.02.09","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint imaging: a comprehensive review.","volume":"9","author":"Tsoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4173","article-title":"Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations.","volume":"36","author":"Brinjikji","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008686","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008686.pub2","article-title":"Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain.","volume":"2013","author":"Henschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.10.018","article-title":"Psychosocial predictors of persistent low back pain in patients presenting to the emergency department.","volume":"51","author":"Basi\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003308","article-title":"Adolescent predictors of young adult pain and health outcomes: results from a 6-year prospective follow-up study.","volume":"166","author":"Murray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: a clinical review.","volume":"311","author":"Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.22","article-title":"Fibromyalgia.","volume":"1","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v14i3.6451","article-title":"Current perspective in mixed pain.","volume":"14","author":"Guill\u00e9n-Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Therapeut."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101786","article-title":"Clinical pain management: Current practice and recent innovations in research.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70143-5","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment.","volume":"9","author":"Baron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001365","article-title":"The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic neuropathic pain.","volume":"160","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01369-x","article-title":"The expanding role of the COX inhibitor\/opioid receptor agonist combination in the management of pain.","volume":"80","author":"Varrassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01144-9","article-title":"Ibuprofen safety at the golden anniversary: are all NSAIDs the Same? A narrative review.","volume":"37","author":"Varrassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.70027","article-title":"Exploring naproxen cocrystals through solid-state vibrational circular dichroism.","volume":"37","author":"Sklen\u00e1\u0159","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chirality."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08465-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of different topical diclofenac formulations for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of short-term and long-term treatment comparisons.","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01053-x","article-title":"Towards an effective and safe treatment of inflammatory pain: a delphi-guided expert consensus.","volume":"36","author":"Varrassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00623-4","article-title":"Dexketoprofen trometamol and tramadol hydrochloride fixed-dose combination in moderate to severe acute low back pain: a phase IV, randomized, parallel group, placebo, active-controlled study (DANTE).","volume":"13","author":"Varrassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34265","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.34265","article-title":"A comprehensive review of celecoxib oral solution for the acute treatment of migraine.","volume":"10","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01779-x","article-title":"Paracetamol: the potential therapeutic pathways defining its clinical use.","volume":"33","author":"Al-Kuraishy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1736","article-title":"European* clinical practice recommendations on opioids for chronic noncancer pain - Part 1: Role of opioids in the management of chronic noncancer pain.","volume":"25","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2009.45.7.1395291","article-title":"Tapentadol hydrochloride: a next-generation, centrally acting analgesic with two mechanisms of action in a single molecule.","volume":"45","author":"Tzschentke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs Today."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0661-4","article-title":"The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities.","volume":"26","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e32830cba54","article-title":"Opioid-induced immunosuppression.","volume":"2","author":"Sacerdote","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.033","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations.","volume":"132","author":"Dworkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010292","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010292","article-title":"Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia syndrome.","volume":"23","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD008242","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008242.pub2","article-title":"Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults.","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer260","article-title":"Topical capsaicin for pain management: therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the new high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch.","volume":"107","author":"Anand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040450","article-title":"Topical treatments and their molecular\/cellular mechanisms in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain-narrative review.","volume":"13","author":"Kocot-K\u0119pska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000808","article-title":"Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for chronic pain from the American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, the American academy of pain medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists.","volume":"43","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11111","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011111","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain management.","volume":"25","author":"Pu\u015fca\u015fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.515978","article-title":"Ketamine for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain.","volume":"11","author":"Noppers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012182","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012182.pub2","article-title":"Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.","volume":"3","author":"M\u00fccke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1118","article-title":"Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management - An overview of systematic reviews.","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112680","article-title":"Patterns of past month cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder - Insights from a nationally representative survey.","volume":"272","author":"Kritikos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15010016","article-title":"Role of cannabis in the management of chronic non-cancer pain: a narrative review.","volume":"15","author":"Al-Husinat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Pract."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00479-0","article-title":"Critical appraisal of current acute lbp management and the role of a multimodal analgesia: a narrative review.","volume":"12","author":"Hanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01384-1","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends, contributions, and future directions.","volume":"29","author":"Leoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00733-7","article-title":"Multimodal therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain: the role of lidocaine patches in combination therapy: a narrative review.","volume":"14","author":"Nalamachu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22514\/sv.2025.078","article-title":"Acute pain management: the role of multimodal analgesia with a focus on dexketoprofen and tramadol hydrochloride fixed-dose combination in acute low back pain.","volume":"21","author":"Varrassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signa Vitae."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e023715","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023715","article-title":"Tramadol\/dexketoprofen (TRAM\/DKP) compared with tramadol\/paracetamol in moderate to severe acute pain: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel group trial in the impacted third molar extraction pain model (DAVID study).","volume":"9","author":"Gay-Escoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33320","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33320","article-title":"Fixed dose versus loose dose: analgesic combinations.","volume":"15","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13111328","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on adults diagnosed with chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-de-la-Banda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113782","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based interventions on pain catastrophizing in people with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Carvajal-Parodi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.02.015","article-title":"Research agenda for the prevention of pain and its impact: report of the work group on the prevention of acute and chronic pain of the federal pain research strategy.","volume":"19","author":"Gatchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.008","article-title":"Management of postoperative pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, and the American society of anesthesiologists\u2019 committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council.","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.103393","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents: a Cochrane review summary.","volume":"113","author":"Chipps","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009790","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009790.pub2","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain.","volume":"9","author":"Hayden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2509475","article-title":"Non-pharmacological therapies to treat musculoskeletal pain.","volume":"15","author":"Far\u00ec","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e051073","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051073","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for acute and chronic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 381 studies (the meta-TENS study).","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100780","article-title":"Cognitive functional therapy compared with a group-based exercise and education intervention for chronic low back pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT).","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2015.1098724","article-title":"Acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of chronic pain: a meta-analytic review.","volume":"45","author":"Veehof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001173","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"40","author":"Paschali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E169","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2024.27.E169","article-title":"Effectiveness of facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic axial spinal pain of facet joint origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Phys."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-23-520","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for the cervical spine.","volume":"13","author":"Engle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00332-2","article-title":"Percutaneous spinal cord stimulation lead placement under deep sedation and general anesthesia.","volume":"10","author":"Hasoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-009-0092-z","article-title":"Current developments in intraspinal agents for cancer and noncancer pain.","volume":"14","author":"Lawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.11.005","article-title":"Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Vickers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014691","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014691.pub2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological and non-surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane reviews.","volume":"3","author":"Rizzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3086","article-title":"Association of spinal manipulative therapy with clinical benefit and harm for acute low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"317","author":"Paige","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41917","article-title":"The impact of biofeedback in enhancing chronic pain rehabilitation: a systematic review of mechanisms and outcomes.","volume":"11","author":"Calderone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.08.005","article-title":"Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of comprehensive pain programs for chronic nonmalignant pain.","volume":"7","author":"Gatchel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2025.2474703","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for veterans living with chronic pain: a scoping review and intervention map.","author":"Furtado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-025-02788-9","article-title":"Impact of education in patients undergoing physiotherapy for lower back pain: a level I systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Migliorini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac098","article-title":"Prognostic factors for quality of life after interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation in patients with chronic pain-a systematic review.","volume":"24","author":"Liechti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-025-02505-1","article-title":"Determining the uptake of best practices in pain interdisciplinary teams: a scoping review.","author":"Courtney","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Public Health."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2022.02.002","article-title":"The multidisciplinary team in pain management.","volume":"33","author":"Staudt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2022.07.004","article-title":"Treating persistent pain: a nurse co-led, interdisciplinary model for primary care.","volume":"23","author":"Benes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-024-01741-x","article-title":"Characterising pharmacists\u2019 interventions in chronic non-cancer pain care: a scoping review.","volume":"46","author":"Goetschi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70107","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.70107","article-title":"Consensus-building on patient education for chronic non-specific low back pain: a qualitative study on patient physiotherapist perspectives.","volume":"23","author":"Jamkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Care."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/03080226241300837","article-title":"Occupational therapy in pain management: an exploration and description of current UK practice.","volume":"88","author":"Slee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Occup Ther."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00729-3","article-title":"Evaluating an early interdisciplinary multimodal assessment for patients at risk of developing chronic pain: results of a multicentre RCT in Germany.","volume":"14","author":"Szczotkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2019.1679322","article-title":"Health social workers\u2019 assessments as part of a specialized pain rehabilitation: a clinical data-mining study.","volume":"58","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Work Health Care."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06462-2","article-title":"Effects of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs on neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions - a registry-based cohort study from Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP).","volume":"24","author":"Ghafouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1875","article-title":"Longitudinal outcome evaluations of Interdisciplinary Multimodal Pain Treatment programmes for patients with chronic primary musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Elbers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B126","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: overview and lessons from the public sector.","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bonica\u2019s Management of Pain."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060871","article-title":"Meta-epidemiological appraisal of the effects of interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy dosing for chronic low back pain.","volume":"8","author":"Dragioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.08.008","article-title":"A SMART design to determine the optimal treatment of chronic pain among military personnel.","volume":"73","author":"Flynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08665-8","article-title":"Response to functional restoration in non-specific chronic low back pain with Modic type 1 changes.","volume":"34","author":"Jacob","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270688","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2270688","article-title":"Self-regulation of effort for a better health-related quality of life: a multidimensional activity pacing model for chronic pain and fatigue management.","volume":"55","author":"Barakou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/jal4020007","article-title":"Outcomes and characteristics of interdisciplinary self-management interventions for older adults living with chronic pain: insights from a scoping review.","volume":"4","author":"Turcotte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ageing Longev."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2022.22307","article-title":"Chronic pain: an update of clinical practices and advances in chronic pain management.","volume":"54","author":"Guven Kose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00709-7","article-title":"The relationship between treatment satisfaction and medication understanding among patients taking a novel oral pain reliever: a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study.","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2015.07.001","article-title":"The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI).","volume":"62","author":"Poquet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiother."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.2017201","article-title":"A practical guide to recognize, assess, treat and evaluate (RATE) primary care patients with chronic pain.","volume":"135","author":"Gebke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgrad Med."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S186105","article-title":"Pain experiences and intrapersonal change among patients with chronic non-cancer pain after using a pain diary: a mixed-methods study.","volume":"12","author":"Charoenpol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2019.05.010","article-title":"The evolving use of electronic health records (EHR) for research.","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01170-x","article-title":"Electronic health record recording of patient pain: challenges and discrepancies.","volume":"27","author":"Kawji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00886-8","article-title":"Revealing sleep and pain reciprocity with wearables and machine learning.","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Med."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81167","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.81167","article-title":"What clinicians should tell patients about wearable devices and data privacy: a narrative review.","volume":"17","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090983","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-driven diagnostic processes and comprehensive multimodal models in pain medicine.","volume":"14","author":"Cascella","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01330-7","article-title":"Ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence in pain medicine.","volume":"29","author":"Cascella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","article-title":"CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for Pain - United States, 2022.","volume":"71","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342241227402","article-title":"Mental health distress is associated with higher pain interference in patients with opioid use disorder stabilized on buprenorphine or methadone.","volume":"45","author":"Leyde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Subst Use Addctn J."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2018-0070","article-title":"Considerations in addressing the opioid epidemic and chronic pain within the USA.","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091135","article-title":"Integrated approach to chronic pain-the role of psychosocial factors and multidisciplinary treatment: a narrative review.","volume":"21","author":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736688","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.736688","article-title":"Chronic pain in the elderly: mechanisms and perspectives.","volume":"16","author":"Dagnino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463720976155","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of pain in older people - a summary report.","volume":"16","author":"Schofield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pain."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17542","article-title":"Persistence of pain and cognitive impairment in older adults.","volume":"70","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30315","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30315","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce pain in children with sickle cell disease: a systematic review.","volume":"70","author":"van Veelen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.10.017","article-title":"Sickle cell disease: a review of nonpharmacological approaches for pain.","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.33696\/cancerimmunol.4.060","article-title":"Cancer-related pain: inside a new dynamic personalized approach. a narrative review.","volume":"4","author":"Giglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Immunol."},{"key":"B153","first-page":"42","article-title":"The WHO pain ladder: Do we need another step.","volume":"14","author":"Pergolizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pract Pain Manag."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2224-5820.2014.07.07","article-title":"Opioids, adjuvants, and interventional options for pain management of symptomatic metastases.","volume":"3","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00597-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder associated with chronic pain: an observational study in a Spanish Population.","volume":"13","author":"Folch Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00486-1","article-title":"Pain Management in the Post-COVID Era-an update: a narrative review.","volume":"12","author":"El-Tallawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1398442","article-title":"Non-opioid psychiatric medications for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Ayub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pain Res."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.09.037","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between health literacy and pain self-management.","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2023.03.008","article-title":"Disparities in pain management.","volume":"41","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107828","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107828","article-title":"An integrative model of patient-centeredness - a systematic review and concept analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Scholl","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010323","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010323.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for the reduction of prescribed opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain.","volume":"11","author":"Eccleston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017","article-title":"Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes.","volume":"87","author":"Meints","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2020-0098","article-title":"Unmet needs in the management of functional impairment in patients with chronic pain: a multinational survey.","volume":"11","author":"Karra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Manage."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2023-0098","article-title":"From stepping stones to scaling mountains: overcoming racialized disparities in pain management.","volume":"14","author":"Booker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.12.015","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to the implementation of integrated musculoskeletal pain management programs: a multi-stakeholder qualitative study.","volume":"24","author":"Lentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105058","article-title":"The effect of using internet hospitals on the physician-patient relationship: patient perspective.","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:22:32Z","timestamp":1760361752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":166,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"article-number":"1659490"}}