{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:03:03Z","timestamp":1776492183706,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the short-term efficacy of 650\u202fnm invasive laser acupuncture (ILA) compared to conventional electroacupuncture (EA) in reducing pain in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. Ninety patients with NSCLBP will be recruited and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 650\u202fnm ILA or EA. Treatments will be administered at the bilateral acupoints BL23, BL24, BL25, and GB30 for 10\u202fmin per session, twice weekly for 4\u202fweeks (8 sessions in total). The primary outcome is the change in the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score 1\u202fweek after treatment completion. Secondary outcomes include VAS scores at interim and follow-up time points, Oswestry Disability Index, European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five-Level Scale, and the proportion of responders. Safety assessments and adverse event monitoring will be conducted throughout the trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter randomized controlled trial compares the effects of ILA and EA with the change in VAS as a primary efficacy endpoint in 90 patients with NSCLBP. This findings will provide clinical evidence of the comparative efficacy and safety of 650\u202fnm ILA versus EA in patients with NSCLBP, supporting its potential as a viable non-pharmacological treatment option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/cris.nih.go.kr\/cris\/search\/detailSearch.do?search_lang=E&amp;amp;focus=reset_12&amp;amp;search_page=M&amp;amp;pageSize=10&amp;amp;page=undefined&amp;amp;seq=29960&amp;amp;status=5&amp;amp;seq_group=29960<\/jats:uri>\n                      , identifier KCT0010475.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:23:45Z","timestamp":1761805425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Invasive laser acupuncture vs. electroacupuncture for non-specific chronic low back pain: protocol for a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yejin","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongwoo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changsop","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung-Kab","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ae-Ran","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Min","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saerom","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwang-Cheon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-1072-1","article-title":"Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5673-2","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview","volume":"27","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from Korean Association of Pain Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Ko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pain"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7555.1430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"332","author":"Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423620000664","article-title":"Management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: a systematic overview of recommendations from international evidence-based guidelines","volume":"21","author":"Krenn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"WHO guideline for non-surgical management of chronic primary low back pain in adults in primary and community care settings","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1641851","article-title":"Evidence for managing chronic low back pain in primary care: a review of recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines","volume":"43","author":"Meroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i6748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6748","article-title":"Low back pain and sciatica: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"356","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005107","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005107.pub2","article-title":"Low level laser therapy for nonspecific low-back pain","volume":"2","author":"Yousefi-Nooraie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"75","author":"Tuner","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2015-010950","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Glazov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2019.1340","article-title":"Laser acupuncture: a concise review","volume":"31","author":"Chon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Acupunct"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05038-6","article-title":"Effects of different wavelengths of invasive laser acupuncture on chronic non-specific low back pain: a study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269282","article-title":"Efficacy of invasive laser acupuncture in treating chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021255","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1021255","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 650 nm invasive laser acupuncture on non-specific chronic low back pain: a protocol for a multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579318","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1579318","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 650 nm invasive laser acupuncture on non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.014","article-title":"Cut-off points for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the visual analogue scale for pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain","volume":"155","author":"Boonstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02934","article-title":"Diagnostic utility and psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory-II among Korean adults","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018464","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018464","article-title":"Electroacupuncture as a complement to usual care for patients with non-acute low back pain after back surgery: a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.061194","article-title":"Preliminary development of a responder index for chronic low back pain","volume":"34","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100344","article-title":"Further qualification of a therapeutic responder index for patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"38","author":"Bombardier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2018.02.002","article-title":"Single or multiple electroacupuncture sessions in nonspecific low back pain: are we low-responders to electroacupuncture?","volume":"11","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659696\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:23:47Z","timestamp":1761805427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659696\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"article-number":"1659696"}}