{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:03:05Z","timestamp":1788537785943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantitatively evaluate fundus tessellation density (FTD) in children with early-onset high myopia (eo-HM) using artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013assisted image analysis and to explore its association with axial length (AL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included children aged \u22646\u202fyears with eo-HM, defined as spherical equivalent (SE)\u202f\u2264\u202f\u22126.00 D and\/or AL\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f26.00\u202fmm. Cycloplegic refraction, AL measurement, and ultra-widefield fundus photography were performed. A deep learning\u2013based algorithm quantified FTD across concentric macular zones (1\u202fmm, 3\u202fmm, 6\u202fmm) and anatomical sectors. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses were used to assess associations between FTD and AL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 47 eyes from 31 children were analyzed. Mean SE was \u22129.35\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.74 D and AL was 25.70\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.50\u202fmm. FTD declined from center to periphery (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), with greater values in nasal and inferior sectors at 6\u202fmm. Overall FTD correlated with AL (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1.47\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). In univariate regression, FTD significantly predicted AL (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f18.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1.76\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.352). Multivariable analysis showed that FTD in the 6\u202fmm nasal and superonasal sectors remained independently associated with AL after adjusting for age and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI-assisted quantification of FTD provides a sensitive and objective measure of early retinal changes in eo-HM. Regional FTD, especially in nasal and perifoveal regions, is strongly associated with axial elongation and may serve as a useful biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of pediatric high myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1663903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:36:15Z","timestamp":1767854175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial intelligence\u2013assisted quantification of fundus tessellation in early-onset high myopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ming","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI - defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13341","article-title":"Link between parental myopia and early-onset high myopia: insights from a clinical retrospective analysis","volume":"44","author":"Chamarty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001489","article-title":"Overview of the complications of high myopia","volume":"37","author":"Ikuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The complications of myopia: a review and Meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321511","article-title":"Genetic and clinical landscape of ARR3-associated MYP26: the most common cause of Mendelian early-onset high myopia with a unique inheritance","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(71)91092-0","article-title":"Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye. 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