{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:49:16Z","timestamp":1784648956405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ischemic stroke leads to a range of sequelae that affect daily functioning. In many cases, such as wake-up strokes or late hospital arrivals, the therapeutic window for reperfusion is missed for the patient, and functional outcomes remain uncertain. The inflammatory response to ischemia plays a pivotal role in the initiation, progression, and recovery phase of stroke. Yet, a gap remains in understanding its impact on neuroimaging and clinical outcomes. This prospective case series investigates the relationship between inflammation, neuroimaging findings in the first 48 h after stroke onset, and 6-months clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biomarkers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (\n                      <jats:italic>CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and Interleukin 6 (\n                      <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), as well as oxidative stress (OS), were measured. Additionally, advanced neuroimaging techniques were used to assess neurovascular coupling, cerebrovascular reactivity, and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) for microperfusion. After 6 months, outcomes were evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (\n                      <jats:italic>mRS<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and participants were categorized into two groups: those with good outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>mRS<\/jats:italic>\n                      1\u20133) and those with poor outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>mRS<\/jats:italic>\n                      4\u20136).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 23 wake-up stroke patients not eligible for reperfusion therapy were included: 11 with cortical ischemic lesions and 12 with subcortical or deep ischemic lesions, involving the thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, or cerebellum. Significant differences were observed in pseudodiffusion (\n                      <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                      *) and delayed neurovascular coupling between patients with normal and elevated inflammatory markers.\n                      <jats:italic>CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels showed a positive correlation with these imaging findings. Additionally, when stratified by 6-months outcomes, patients with poor recovery had higher\n                      <jats:italic>CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels and altered contralateral cerebrovascular reactivity within the first 48 h of admission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary findings suggest that combining inflammatory and neuroimaging markers across cortical and subcortical stroke subtypes could enhance understanding of inflammation\u2019s role in early hemodynamic responses and long-term effects outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the broader implications of these case series representations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1665396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T06:21:17Z","timestamp":1761546077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of inflammation on neurovascular coupling, microperfusion, and clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients: a case series 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