{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T20:35:58Z","timestamp":1793565358262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tracheobronchomegaly (TBM) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the trachea and main bronchi owing to a pathological arrangement of smooth muscle fibers. Early identification and intervention are vital to halting progressive lung damage and improving the quality of life. This study aimed to examine the clinical characteristics, radiological features, and related complications in patients with TBM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>11 TBM cases were retrospectively identified through a review of chest computed tomography (CT) scans at our hospital between January 2018 and July 2025. We collected sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 10 patients, and their clinical, radiological, and pulmonary function data were systematically collected and analyzed to assess disease characteristics and complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 11 patients were male (mean age 79.2 \u00b1 9.1 years). The main symptoms included recurrent infections, hemoptysis, productive cough, and dyspnea. The mean tracheal diameter was 32.4 [interquartile range (IQR):31.4\u201345.8]mm. Diverticula were present in four cases (36.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4). Complications included bronchiectasis (45.5%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (36.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), respiratory failure (9.1%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1), tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (9.1%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1), and interstitial lung disease (9.1%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1). Pulmonary function tests revealed obstructive (36.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), restrictive (27.3%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3), and mixed (9.1%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1) patterns. One patient died of respiratory failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 11 cases involving a variety complications were analyzed in light of the current literature. TBM should be considered in patients who present with chronic cough, recurrent pulmonary infections, and bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1676083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1757434241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tracheobronchomegaly: a case series and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixiang","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangjing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2023.07.073","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly: a rare but easily misdiagnosed disease.","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Surg."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Dilatation de la trachee; Constatations radiographiques et bronchoscopiques [Dilation of the trachea; Radiographic and bronchoscopic findings].","volume":"150","author":"Mounier\u2013Kuhn","year":"1932","journal-title":"Lyon Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2022.0123","article-title":"Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.","volume":"86","author":"Ayub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12192","article-title":"Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a systematic analysis of 128 cases published within last 25 years.","volume":"10","author":"Krustins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Respir J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2024.2344168","article-title":"Mounier-Kuhn syndrome in poorly controlled asthma.","volume":"61","author":"Sol\u00eds Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Asthma."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcad109","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome): a case report.","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"QJM."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9757-z","article-title":"Clinical classification scheme for tracheobronchomegaly (mounier-kuhn syndrome).","volume":"193","author":"Payandeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-025-03745-w","article-title":"Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a tripartite analysis bridging clinical epidemiology, imaging evolution, and global research landscapes.","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544843","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544843","article-title":"Case report: a case of reversible tracheal diameter Mounier-Kuhn syndrome and literature review.","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.984","article-title":"Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review.","volume":"127","author":"Carden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23810","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23810","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019-induced tracheomegaly: a case report.","volume":"14","author":"Choudhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1763","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001763","article-title":"Tracheomegaly secondary to tracheotomy tube cuff in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case report.","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"595","article-title":"Tracheal enlargement or Mounier-Kuhn syndrome in giant cell arteritis: a possible causal association with therapeutic implications.","volume":"59","author":"Damian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.134","article-title":"Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis associated with tracheobronchomegaly evaluated by novel four-dimensional functional CT.","volume":"3","author":"Uddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2017.05.019","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly in intubated ventilation of ARDS.","volume":"54","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2023.101808","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome) and Bronchiectasis as rare manifestations of Homocystinuria.","volume":"42","author":"Suliman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.06.077","article-title":"Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome) with CT and bronchoscopic correlation: a case report.","volume":"17","author":"Imzil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0728","article-title":"Tracheobronchoplasty for severe tracheobronchomalacia: a prospective outcome analysis.","volume":"134","author":"Majid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezz317","article-title":"Tracheobronchoplasty after a trial with a silicone Y-stent in a patient with Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.","volume":"57","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Fos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2020.04.003","article-title":"Tracheobronchoplasty followed by bilateral lung transplantation for Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"Dunne","year":"2020","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1676083\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T16:10:42Z","timestamp":1757434242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1676083\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1676083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1676083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"article-number":"1676083"}}