{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:55:52Z","timestamp":1762188952813,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehension of the macroeconomic losses on a worldwide, regional, and national scale attributable to liver cancer is crucial for the optimal distribution of medical and research materials. The authors conducted an investigation into the macroeconomic impacts of the strain imposed by liver cancer in 2021 across 185 nations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data pertaining to disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for liver cancer and its associated risk factors were sourced from the 2021 records of the Global Burden of Disease investigation. Information pertaining to GDP, modified for purchasing power parity (PPP), originated from the World Bank; the integration of GDP and DALY data facilitated the estimation of macroeconomic losses through the application of a value of lost welfare (VLW) methodology. Every finding is articulated in 2021 international US dollars, calibrated for PPP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the year 2021, the VLW resulting from liver cancer worldwide amounted to $141.95 B, representing 0.15% of the worldwide GDP. The worldwide VLW\/GDP ratio for alcohol-related liver cancer was 0.033% (VLW\u202f=\u202f$31.835 B) Hepatitis B-associated liver cancer prevalence was 0.041% (VLW\u202f=\u202f$38.667 B) Hepatitis C-associated liver cancer prevalence was 0.056% (VLW\u202f=\u202f$53.268 B) incidence of NASH-related liver cancer was 0.012% (VLW\u202f=\u202f$11.653 B) the incidence of liver cancer attributed to alternative factors was recorded at 0.007% (VLW\u202f=\u202f$6.728 B). The East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania super-region recorded the greatest VLW\/GDP for liver cancer overall was 0.19%, with VLW of $39.08 B, the high-income super-region accounted for the second (VLW\/GDP\u202f=\u202f0.16%; VLW\u202f=\u202f$88.00 B).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global macroeconomic burden attributable to liver cancer is substantial, with far-reaching implications for productivity losses and healthcare expenditure. These evidence-based economic estimates provide a compelling rationale for strategic resource allocation towards liver cancer control programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1694588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1762187566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The economic ramifications of liver cancer on a global, regional, and national scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.05.003","article-title":"Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"McGlynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e943","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00211-6","article-title":"National, and subnational trends in cancer burden in China, 2005\u20132020: an analysis of national mortality surveillance data","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00109-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and National Trends in incidence and mortality of primary liver cancer and its underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention, and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.10.040","article-title":"Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection","volume":"286","author":"Chuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021","article-title":"Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040","volume":"77","author":"Rumgay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950499","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.950499","article-title":"Corrigendum: accelerating decreases in the incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma at a younger age in Shanghai are associated with hepatitis B virus vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24442","article-title":"Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program","volume":"54","author":"McMahon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00279-5","article-title":"Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Rumgay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-022-00370-3","article-title":"The population-level economic burden of liver cancer in China, 2019-2030: prevalence-based estimations from a societal perspective","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-11514-x","article-title":"Economic burden of patients with leading cancers in China: a cost-of-illness study","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.7826","article-title":"Estimates and projections of the global economic cost of 29 cancers in 204 countries and territories from 2020 to 2050","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)70088-4","article-title":"Global economic consequences of selected surgical diseases: a modelling study","volume":"3","author":"Alkire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043131","article-title":"Global, regional, and national economic consequences of stroke","volume":"54","author":"JVE","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1162\/rest.90.3.573","article-title":"Adjusting the value of a statistical life for age and cohort effects","volume":"90","author":"Aldy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2202\/2152-2812.1009","article-title":"The income elasticity of the value per statistical life: transferring estimates between high- and low-income populations","volume":"2","author":"Hammitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Benefit Cost Anal"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7245.1335","article-title":"Economic note: cost of illness studies","volume":"320","author":"Byford","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025598106257","article-title":"The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world","volume":"27","author":"Viscusi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Risk Uncertain"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"WHO guide to identifying the economic consequences of disease and injury","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"The World Bank: open data (world development indicators)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24430","article-title":"Head and neck cancer in South Asia: macroeconomic consequences and the role of the head and neck surgeon","volume":"38","author":"Alkire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003662","article-title":"The global macroeconomic burden of breast cancer: implications for oncologic surgery","volume":"274","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/bca.2018.26","article-title":"Valuing mortality risk reductions in global benefit-cost analysis","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Benefit Cost Anal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14085","article-title":"Global macroeconomic burden of epilepsy and the role for neurosurgery: a modelling study based upon the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Donohoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000003072","article-title":"The global macroeconomic burden of musculoskeletal disorders","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.11.1351","article-title":"Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations","volume":"25","author":"Husereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.015","article-title":"The global burden of liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001260","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001260","article-title":"Global burden of HBV-related liver disease: primary liver cancer due to chronic HBV infection increased in over one-third of countries globally from 2000 to 2021","volume":"11","author":"Danpanichkul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","article-title":"Global burden of 5 major types of gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"159","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.10.3293","article-title":"Factors that affect the surveillance and late-stage detection of a newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Rattanasupar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0009.8597","article-title":"Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma reduces mortality: an inverse probability of treatment weighted analysis","volume":"16","author":"Chaiteerakij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103247","article-title":"Patient and provider perceived barriers and facilitators to direct acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment among priority populations in high income countries: a knowledge synthesis","volume":"96","author":"Amoako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31173","article-title":"Changes in the global burden of chronic liver diseases from 2012 to 2017: the growing impact of NAFLD","volume":"72","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v52i4.12456","article-title":"The effect of human development index on obesity prevalence at the global level: a spatial analysis","volume":"52","author":"Shirvani Shiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0316","article-title":"Global burden of primary liver cancer and its association with underlying aetiologies, sociodemographic status, and sex differences from 1990\u20132019: a DALY-based analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.09.08","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases","volume":"5","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e362","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00307-4","article-title":"WHO\u2019s 2024 global hepatitis report","volume":"24","author":"Burki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1735","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma screening process failures in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"Marquardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00818-8","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance\u2014utilization, barriers, and the impact of changing aetiology","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30342-5","article-title":"Liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission","volume":"5","author":"Sarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4846","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for patients with unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60986-4","article-title":"Estimating the price at which hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals would be cost-saving in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265668","article-title":"Better survival of patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in South Korea: changes in 16-years cohorts","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100333","article-title":"Temporal patterns of cancer burden in Asia, 1990\u20132019: a systematic examination for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study","volume":"21","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15347","article-title":"Global trends and the impact of chronic hepatitis B and C on disability-adjusted life years","volume":"42","author":"Veracruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.03.030","article-title":"The potential for primary and secondary prevention of liver cancer death in Australians with alcohol-related liver disease or metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease: a modelling study","volume":"243","author":"Worthington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0286-6","article-title":"Evidence-based, and guideline-concurrent responses to narratives deferring HCV treatment among people who inject drugs","volume":"16","author":"Childs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.012","article-title":"Variation in hepatitis C virus treatment uptake between Canadian centres in the era of direct-acting antivirals","volume":"65","author":"Nitulescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25051","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25051","article-title":"Linkage and retention in HCV care for HIV-infected populations: early data from the DAA era","volume":"21","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0969-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in difficult-to-treat patients in a safety-net health system: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Yek","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1694588\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:32:47Z","timestamp":1762187567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1694588\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1694588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1694588","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"article-number":"1694588"}}