{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:00:35Z","timestamp":1780336835337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) has emerged as a pivotal advancement in geriatric anesthesia, significantly enhancing procedural precision and patient safety through dynamic, real-time sonographic visualization. This technology overcomes critical limitations of conventional landmark-based techniques by enabling accurate needle navigation and localized anesthetic delivery, thereby improving block success rates while reducing volume requirements and systemic exposure. In elderly populations, characterized by heightened vulnerability to pharmacological adverse events and perioperative complications, UGRA facilitates opioid-minimized analgesia, attenuates neuroinflammatory responses, and lowers the incidence of delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Its alignment with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols further promotes early mobilization and functional recovery. Despite existing challenges in technical training and resource allocation, ongoing innovations in imaging artificial intelligence, sustained-release local anesthetics, and personalized protocols hold substantial potential to broaden its applications. Future integration of UGRA into perioperative care necessitates standardized competency-based training and rigorously designed multicenter clinical trials to consolidate its role in improving outcomes for the aging surgical population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1709406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:25:12Z","timestamp":1765974312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Precision and safety advantages of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in geriatric anesthesia: current status and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiao-yin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-qing","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Anesthetic considerations in the geriatric population","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Staheli","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.18231\/j.agems.2024.009","article-title":"Geriatric anesthesia: challenges and recent updates a review","volume":"11","author":"Shetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Geriatr Educ Med Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006272","article-title":"Association between the FRAIL scale and postoperative complications in older surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4773","article-title":"Cognitive decline associated with anesthesia and surgery in older patients","volume":"326","author":"Vacas","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04663-5","article-title":"Early postoperative neurocognitive complications in elderly patients: comparing those with and without preexisting mild cognitive impairment\u2013a prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Somnuke","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580172","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1580172","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in elderly surgical patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-019-00012-6","article-title":"Landmark technique vs ultrasound-guided approach for posterior tibial nerve block in cadaver models","volume":"54","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193045","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound-guided versus anatomical landmark-guided thoracolumbar retrolaminar techniques in canine cadavers","volume":"13","author":"Pentsou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001048","article-title":"Role of regional anesthesia in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols","volume":"34","author":"Mancel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2023.02.018","article-title":"Efficacy of opioid-sparing analgesia after median sternotomy with continuous bilateral parasternal subpectoral plane blocks","volume":"167","author":"Harloff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-118","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block improve opioid-sparing perioperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung lesion resection: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000260614.32794.7b","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: current concepts and future trends","volume":"104","author":"Marhofer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-025-00245-y","article-title":"Enhancing safety in regional anesthesia: guidelines from the Italian Society of Anesthesia, analgesia, resuscitation and intensive care (SIAARTI)","volume":"5","author":"Torrano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262070","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/262070","article-title":"Ultrasound guidance for deep peripheral nerve blocks: a brief review","volume":"2011","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-0929-x","article-title":"A prospective, randomized comparison of ultrasonographic visualization of proximal intercostal block vs paravertebral block","volume":"20","author":"Vlassakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31818454ec","article-title":"Intravascular injection during ultrasound-guided axillary block: negative aspiration can be misleading","volume":"107","author":"Robards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-025-00265-8","article-title":"PENG block in elderly patients with hip fracture: less is more? a prospective observational monocentric study","volume":"5","author":"Donatiello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-015-0110-0","article-title":"Effect of local anesthetic concentration, dose and volume on the duration of single-injection ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block with mepivacaine: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Fenten","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.01.96","article-title":"Mean effective volume of local anesthetics by nerve conduction technique","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000500261","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided continuous femoral nerve block with dexmedetomidine combined with low concentrations of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in elderly knee arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1116","DOI":"10.5554\/22562087.e1116","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided neuraxial anesthesia versus the use of anatomical landmarks in the elderly: prospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Caballero-Lozada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colomb J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01172-x","article-title":"Landmark-guided versus modified ultrasound-assisted paramedian techniques in combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for elderly patients with hip fractures: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874143","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.874143","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided vs. landmark-guided lumbar puncture for obese patients in emergency department","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102778","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block in geriatric patients with hip fracture in the emergency department","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04469-y","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus and sacral plexus block combined with general anesthesia on the anesthetic efficacy and surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing intertrochanteric fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S397282","article-title":"Opioid-sparing analgesic effects from interscalene block impact anesthetic management during shoulder arthroscopy: a retrospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40549","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040549","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium after total knee arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomized study","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14144827","article-title":"The influence of ultrasound-guided blocks for shoulder and knee surgeries on continued opioid use: a 6-month clinical review","volume":"14","author":"Gibbs","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13787","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided approach to nerves (direct vs. tangential) and the incidence of intraneural injection: a cadaveric study","volume":"72","author":"Sermeus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41847","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41847","article-title":"\u201cKnowing it before blocking it,\u201d the ABCD of the peripheral nerves: part C (prevention of nerve injuries)","volume":"15","author":"Sonawane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew337","article-title":"Trainee anesthetist diagnosis of intraneural injection-a study comparing B-mode ultrasound with the fusion of B-mode and elastography in the soft embalmed Thiel cadaver model","volume":"117","author":"Munirama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06619.x","article-title":"Incidence of unintentional intraneural injection and postoperative neurological complications with ultrasound-guided interscalene and supraclavicular nerve blocks","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937293","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.937293","article-title":"Effect of regional anesthesia on the postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-02156-3","article-title":"Postoperative pain and pain management and neurocognitive outcomes after non-cardiac surgery: a protocol for a series of systematic reviews","volume":"11","author":"Khaled","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02656-y","article-title":"Targeting neuroinflammation as a preventive and therapeutic approach for perioperative neurocognitive disorders","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2011.02621.x","article-title":"Effects of adductor-canal-blockade on pain and ambulation after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study","volume":"56","author":"Jenstrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S512475","article-title":"Single-injection adductor canal block enhances early mobilization with comparable analgesia to continuous infusion in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-024-00413-8","article-title":"Opioid-sparing effects of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perioper Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.04.054","article-title":"Transmuscular quadratus lumborum block for percutaneous nephrolithotomy reduces opioid consumption and speeds ambulation and discharge from hospital: a single Centre randomised controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Dam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624205","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1624205","article-title":"Learning curve of ultrasound-guided caudal epidural block: a CUSUM pivotal analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06500-0","article-title":"Simulation-based training in ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia for emergency physicians: insights from an Italian pre\/post intervention study","volume":"24","author":"Resta","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00190-2","article-title":"Anesthesiologists ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia core curriculum: a Delphi consensus from Italian regional anesthesia experts","volume":"4","author":"De Cassai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.sja_132_25","article-title":"Regional anesthesia in obese patients: challenges, considerations, and solutions","volume":"19","author":"De Cassai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261112","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-261112","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided spinal anaesthesia for a patient with severe scoliosis","volume":"17","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjaf479","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjaf479","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted spinal anesthesia in a parturient with scoliosis and moyamoya disease undergoing cesarean section: a case report","volume":"2025","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103242","article-title":"Transforaminal lumbar puncture for spinal anesthesia or novel drug administration: a technique combining C-arm fluoroscopy and ultrasound","volume":"47","author":"Berde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31821a8ad4","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging facilitates spinal anesthesia in adults with difficult surface anatomic landmarks","volume":"115","author":"Chin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.194767","article-title":"Is dedicating an ultrasound machine to regional anesthesia an economically viable option?","volume":"32","author":"Ponde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38534","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38534","article-title":"Cost analysis of low-volume versus standard-volume ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block in arthroscopic shoulder surgery","volume":"15","author":"Oliver-Fornies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4274\/TJAR.2023.231478","article-title":"The role of regional anaesthesia and acute pain services in value-based healthcare","volume":"51","author":"Ravindranath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03903-5","article-title":"Regional versus general anesthesia in older patients for hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6651894","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6651894","article-title":"Simulation-based analysis of trial design in regional anesthesia","volume":"2024","author":"Pasli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00648-9","article-title":"The impact of different regional anesthesia techniques on the incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.12.040","article-title":"Evaluation of AI-based nerve segmentation on ultrasound: relevance of standard metrics in the clinical setting","volume":"134","author":"Delvaux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05998-8","article-title":"Augmented reality visualization for ultrasound-guided interventions: a pilot randomized crossover trial to assess trainee performance and cognitive load","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2024.09.051","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing mixed liposomal bupivacaine vs. continuous catheter for interscalene block during shoulder arthroplasty: a comparison of analgesia, patient experience, and cost","volume":"34","author":"Panchamia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03699-4","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine administration is not superior to traditional periarticular injection for postoperative pain management following total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00225","article-title":"Single-shot liposomal bupivacaine reduces postoperative narcotic use following outpatient rotator cuff repair: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Baessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00182-2","article-title":"Influence of aging on opioid dosing for perioperative pain management: a focus on pharmacokinetics","volume":"4","author":"Mercadante","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2165\/11635500-000000000-00000","article-title":"Analgesics in patients with hepatic impairment: pharmacology and clinical implications","volume":"72","author":"Bosilkovska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.147127","article-title":"Alpha 2 agonists in regional anaesthesia practice: efficient yet safe?","volume":"58","author":"Pankaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.05.001","article-title":"Perineural adjuncts for peripheral nerve block","volume":"19","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.14.008","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for the pain management of elderly patients with hip fractures in the emergency department","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s40138-022-00249-w","article-title":"Regional anesthesia in the emergency department: an overview of common nerve block techniques and recent literature","volume":"10","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091404","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided interventions for neuropathic pain: a narrative pictorial review","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-024-00205-y","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks in chronic pain: a narrative review","volume":"4","author":"Marrone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2022.61.s2.14","article-title":"Palliative treatment of intractable cancer pain","volume":"61","author":"Fumi\u0107 Dunki\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-2386","article-title":"Minimally-invasive pain management techniques in palliative care","volume":"11","author":"Yalamuru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1709406\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:25:13Z","timestamp":1765974313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1709406\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1709406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1709406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"article-number":"1709406"}}