{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:52:16Z","timestamp":1790610736367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2025-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2025-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis infection remains one of the most dangerous and difficult to diagnose diseases. To date, issues related to the early diagnosis of tuberculosis remain unresolved, which is particularly important for its detection in high-risk groups. The detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is necessary to control the spread of tuberculosis infection. The diagnosis of LTBI is indirect and based on the detection of an immune response to mycobacterial antigens. Currently, LTBI diagnosis is recommended in high-risk groups. However, diagnosis is difficult and not always straightforward with the use of various immunological tests. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of scientific publications focused on the application of immunological tests and machine learning technologies for the early detection of latent tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed articles for the period from 2015 to 2025, published in international databases (Medline, PubMed, Scopus). The keywords we used were \u201ctuberculosis infection,\u201d \u201crisk groups,\u201d \u201cearly diagnosis,\u201d \u201clatent tuberculosis infection,\u201d \u201cimmunological tests,\u201d \u201cT-cell response,\u201d and \u201cmachine learning.\u201d The narrative review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA protocol (\n                      <jats:ext-link>http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive research method was used to compile the review, followed by systematization of the information and formulation of the main conclusions. The data obtained allow us to assert that the use of a comprehensive approach in the diagnosis of LTBI, namely the simultaneous use of several immunological tests in combination with laboratory and instrumental research methods in the same individuals, can be considered justified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The creation of a strategy for detecting LTBI in individuals from risk groups can facilitate the detection of infection and play an important role in preventing the development of tuberculosis. The possibility of using machine learning and artificial intelligence will allow the risk of developing active tuberculosis to be determined based on the use of immunological tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1710960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:56:49Z","timestamp":1767769009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunological testing and machine learning in detecting latent tuberculosis among high-risk groups (nature review)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Starshinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adilya","family":"Sabirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid P.","family":"Churilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Belyaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kulpina","family":"Anastasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul A.","family":"Sharipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravil K.","family":"Tukfatullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Nikolenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Dovgalyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kudlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082123","article-title":"Tuberculosis and COVID-19 dually affect human Th17 cell immune response.","volume":"11","author":"Starshinova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438406","DOI":"10.3389\/ftubr.2024.1438406","article-title":"The role of the immune response in developing tuberculosis infection: from latent infection to active tuberculosis.","volume":"2","author":"Kudryavtsev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Tuberc."},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203163","article-title":"Worldwide effects of coronavirus disease pandemic on tuberculosis services, January-April 2020.","volume":"26","author":"Migliori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022.","year":"2022"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"424","year":"2025"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900655","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00655-2019","article-title":"The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Updated and Consolidated Guidelines for Programmatic Management.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.23749\/mdl.v111i3.9983","article-title":"The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI): currently available tests, future developments, and perspectives to eliminate tuberculosis (TB).","volume":"111","author":"Zellweger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Lav."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01245-2015","article-title":"Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries.","volume":"46","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.36422\/23076348-2020-8-2-14-20","article-title":"Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the basis of latent tuberculosis (literature review).","volume":"8","author":"Vishnevsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Alliance."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.58838\/2075-1230-2025-103-2-93-101","article-title":"Stages of tuberculosis infection, what\u2019s new? 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