{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:47:07Z","timestamp":1790808427549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Understanding of DKD pathogenesis has undergone a pivotal shift, moving beyond traditional metabolic and hemodynamic paradigms to underscore the critical role of chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to systematically delineate recent advances in the inflammatory mechanisms of DKD and to discuss their translational implications. It will focus on emerging diagnostic biomarkers and novel inflammation-targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review portrays the complex interplay of emerging inflammatory mechanisms in DKD, encompassing inflammatory pathway activation, cellular senescence, impaired podocyte autophagy, the gut microbiota-kidney axis, and regulation by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Meanwhile, a novel diagnostic paradigm powered by omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) is described, highlighting the associated biomarkers. Lastly, the therapeutic landscape, focusing on agents with proven renal benefits, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (ns-MRAs), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) is reviewed, with evaluating the promise of natural products as multi-target interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammation in DKD is driven by an intricate network of local and systemic factors. A multifaceted approach which prioritizes the integration of multi-omics data for inflammatory subtyping, deciphering inter-organ communication, and developing combined therapies that leverage conventional drugs, targeted agents, and natural compounds should be adopted to advance the management of DKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1722159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T15:07:01Z","timestamp":1768576021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inflammatory mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy: emerging insights and targeted therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan","place":["Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Drug Discovery Biology, Monash 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