{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:07:54Z","timestamp":1790885274290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>As cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, its prevention and treatment is urgent and new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) have emerged as promising nanotherapeutics due to their regenerative capacity, low immunogenicity, and multilineage differentiation potential. This review systematically integrates the therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-Exo in seven major cardiovascular indications, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension, while exploring advanced engineering strategies to enhance its efficacy. Through comprehensive analysis of current preclinical studies, we demonstrated that MSC-Exo mainly exerts cardioprotective effects by promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, fibrosis, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and regulating immune responses. In addition, we also highlight innovative delivery methods, including intrapericardial administration for immunomodulation, ischemic myocardium-targeting peptides, and functional hydrogel encapsulation that significantly improve exosome retention and bioavailability. The fusion of biological mechanisms and engineering solutions makes MSC-Exo a multifunctional platform for cardiovascular regenerative medicine, with emerging clinical translation potential through optimized delivery systems and precise targeting strategies, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with MSC-Exo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1729698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:33:11Z","timestamp":1764829991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multifaceted mechanisms and targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiovascular diseases: a translational medicine perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"World Heart Report","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1165-5","article-title":"Stem cells: past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01704-0","article-title":"Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1159\/000492704","article-title":"Stem cell therapy in heart diseases- cell types, mechanisms and improvement strategies","volume":"48","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.21666","article-title":"Ethical and safety issues of stem cell-based therapy","volume":"15","author":"Volarevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S264498","article-title":"Exosome: a review of its classification, isolation techniques, storage, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091852","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell secretome: toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine","volume":"18","author":"Vizoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00064-2","article-title":"Stem cell-derived exosome versus stem cell therapy","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Bioeng"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-018-0395-9","article-title":"Exosomes in perspective: a potential surrogate for stem cell therapy","volume":"107","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1563-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate cardiomyocyte apoptosis in hypoxic conditions through microRNA144 by targeting the PTEN\/AKT pathway","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43153-x","article-title":"Enhanced pericyte-endothelial interactions through NO-boosted extracellular vesicles drive revascularization in a mouse model of ischemic injury","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz040","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury through miR-182-regulated macrophage polarization","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X14666190123162842","article-title":"The role of exosomes in diseases related to infertility","volume":"14","author":"Jiayu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(81)90512-5","article-title":"Exfoliation of membrane ecto-enzymes in the form of micro-vesicles","volume":"645","author":"Trams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90040-5","article-title":"Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: selective externalization of the receptor","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1161","article-title":"B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles","volume":"183","author":"Raposo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2755","article-title":"Pathways and mechanisms of endocytic recycling","volume":"10","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3.22.1-3.22.29","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb0322s30","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids","volume":"30","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.08.019","article-title":"The tetraspanin CD63 regulates ESCRT-independent and -dependent endosomal sorting during melanogenesis","volume":"21","author":"van Niel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-104929","article-title":"Exosomes: fundamental biology and roles in cardiovascular physiology","volume":"78","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040307","article-title":"Review of the isolation, characterization, biological function, and multifarious therapeutic approaches of exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232248","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2023.2232248","article-title":"Exosomes: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-019-0150-2","article-title":"RVG-modified exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells rescue memory deficits by regulating inflammatory responses in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26317","article-title":"MSC-EXO and tempol ameliorate bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn rats by activating HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04461-4","article-title":"FTO-targeted siRNA delivery by MSC-derived exosomes synergistically alleviates dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease via m6A-dependent regulation of ATM mRNA","volume":"21","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13177","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate diabetes-induced muscle atrophy through exosomes by enhancing AMPK\/ULK1-mediated autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02811-5","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04708-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells protect against ferroptosis via exosome-mediated stabilization of SLC7A11 in acute liver injury","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120264","article-title":"MSC-derived exosomes protect against oxidative stress-induced skin injury via adaptive regulation of the NRF2 defense system","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201806_15280","article-title":"Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improve osteoporosis through promoting osteoblast proliferation via MAPK pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz139","article-title":"Atorvastatin enhances the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes in acute myocardial infarction via up-regulating long non-coding RNA H19","volume":"116","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01866-6","article-title":"Potential therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Akbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031433","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as new remedy for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders","volume":"22","author":"Harrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23599","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202302324R","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by targeting hedgehog\/SMO signaling","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9534574","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell attenuate diabetes in mice","volume":"2021","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00472-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: roles, opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00931-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as a next-generation drug delivery platform","volume":"16","author":"Herrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2020.1748758","article-title":"Prospects and challenges of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery system: considering cell source","volume":"27","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.8","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for nucleic acid delivery: progress and prospects for safe RNA-based gene therapy","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956563","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.956563","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as new tools for delivery of miRNAs in the treatment of cancer","volume":"10","author":"Dalmizrak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","article-title":"Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8001","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37097","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1159\/000438594","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes improve the microenvironment of infarcted myocardium contributing to angiogenesis and anti-inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01881-7","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 overexpression in mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes mediates cardioprotection in myocardial infarction by enhanced angiogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2023.2293844","article-title":"Astragaloside IV-induced BMSC exosomes promote neovascularization and protect cardiac function in myocardial infarction mice via the miR-411\/HIF-1\u03b1 axis","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2474","article-title":"miR-543 in human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promotes cardiac microvascular endothelial cell angiogenesis after myocardial infarction through COL4A1","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3290372","article-title":"MicroRNA-132, delivered by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, promote angiogenesis in myocardial infarction","volume":"2018","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-023-00361-1","article-title":"ADSC-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial infarction injury by promoting miR-205-mediated cardiac angiogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101567","article-title":"Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury and promote survival of skin flaps in rats","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120168","article-title":"Monocyte mimics improve mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle homing in a mouse MI\/RI model","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.73568","article-title":"Therapeutic delivery of microRNA-125a-5p oligonucleotides improves recovery from myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice and swine","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S512074","article-title":"Empagliflozin-pretreated MSC-derived exosomes enhance angiogenesis and wound healing via PTEN\/AKT\/VEGF pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109862","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v17.i10.109862","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem-derived exosomes enhance therapeutic benefits of exercise in isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia: targeting ERK and Akt\/mTOR signaling","volume":"17","author":"ShamsEldeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S516533","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes hold promise in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101810","article-title":"A novel hydrogel loaded with plant exosomes and stem cell exosomes as a new strategy for treating diabetic wounds","volume":"32","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000499","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes carrying E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis by mediating apoptosis signal-regulated kinase-1","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-04029-6","article-title":"MSC exosome-mediated cardioprotection in ischemic mouse heart comparative proteomics of infarct and peri-infarct areas","volume":"476","author":"Kore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2018.04.012","article-title":"Exosomal miR-21a-5p mediates cardioprotection by mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"119","author":"Luther","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096368972094567","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689720945677","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells protect cardiac cells against hypoxia\/reoxygenation injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress via activation of the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000507","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect the myocardium against ischemia\/reperfusion injury through Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin Signaling pathway","volume":"70","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152204","article-title":"MiR-183-5p overexpression in bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protects against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by targeting FOXO1","volume":"227","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03671-z","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes carrying microRNA-125b protect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via targeting SIRT7","volume":"465","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.02.002","article-title":"Exosomes of bone-marrow stromal cells inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis under ischemic and hypoxic conditions via miR-486-5p targeting the PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"177","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-022-07339-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-originated exosomal Lnc A2M-AS1 alleviates hypoxia\/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0159-5","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569150","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.569150","article-title":"MicroRNA-221\/222 mediates ADSC-exosome-induced Cardioprotection against ischemia\/reperfusion by targeting PUMA and ETS-1","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5334","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190119130441","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduce ischemia\/reperfusion injury by the inhibitions of apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7874","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect against myocardial infarction by promoting autophagy","volume":"18","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312758","article-title":"Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells reduce autophagic flux in infarcted hearts via the Exosomal transfer of miR-125b","volume":"123","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603271221102508","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221102508","article-title":"Exosomal miR-455-3p from BMMSCs prevents cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1522-4","article-title":"LncRNA KLF3-AS1 in human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorates pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction through miR-138-5p\/Sirt1 axis","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.23-500","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome\/Caspase-1 pathway to repress Pyroptosis induced by hypoxia\/reoxygenation in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"65","author":"Diao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03453-y","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cellsderived exosomes stabilize atherosclerosis through inhibiting pyroptosis","volume":"23","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-020-09530-8","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs exosome attenuate myocardial injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in acute myocardial infarction mice","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.10.017","article-title":"The BMSC-derived exosomal lncRNA Mir9-3hg suppresses cardiomyocyte ferroptosis in ischemia-reperfusion mice via the Pum2\/PRDX6 axis","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4150705","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4150705","article-title":"MiRNA-sequence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes have similar mechanism to enhance cardiac repair","volume":"2017","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05782-4","article-title":"Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 promotes renal fibrosis after acute kidney injury by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02533-9","article-title":"EZH2 mitigates the cardioprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes against infarction via HMGA2-mediated PI3K\/AKT signaling","volume":"22","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2202959","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202959","article-title":"Microneedle patch loaded with exosomes containing MicroRNA-29b prevents cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2020.0132","article-title":"Exosomes protect against acute myocardial infarction in rats by regulating the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.09.017","article-title":"Cardiac microvascular functions improved by MSC-derived exosomes attenuate cardiac fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion via PDGFR-\u03b2 modulation","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601515","article-title":"Akt Signaling pathway in macrophage activation and M1\/M2 polarization","volume":"198","author":"Vergadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7617","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14635","article-title":"Exosomes derived from pro-inflammatory bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammation and myocardial injury via mediating macrophage polarization","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.105564","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate cardiac damage after myocardial infarction by activating S1P\/SK1\/S1PR1 signaling and promoting macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"114","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2013.01.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes increase ATP levels, decrease oxidative stress and activate PI3K\/Akt pathway to enhance myocardial viability and prevent adverse remodeling after myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"10","author":"Arslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151936","article-title":"Allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation alleviates atherosclerotic plaque by inhibiting ox-LDL uptake, inflammatory reaction and endothelial damage in rabbits","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S436925","article-title":"MSC-derived exosomes mitigate myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by reducing neutrophil infiltration and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200074","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202200074","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial infarction injury via miR-24-3p-promoted M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Biol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116632","article-title":"miRNA-181a over-expression in mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes influenced inflammatory response after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"232","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2024.70.2.10","article-title":"Protective effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on hypoxia reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand)"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab102","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-21a-5p promotes M2 macrophage polarization and reduces macrophage infiltration to attenuate atherosclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin Shanghai"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.02.005","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(\u2212\/\u2212) mice via miR-let7 mediated infiltration and polarization of M2 macrophage","volume":"510","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab093","article-title":"miR-100-5p in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes mediates eosinophilic inflammation to alleviate atherosclerosis via the FZD5\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin Shanghai"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-4247","article-title":"The roles and mechanisms of miR-26 derived from exosomes of adipose-derived stem cells in the formation of carotid atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321384","article-title":"Intrapericardial exosome therapy dampens cardiac injury via activating Foxo3","volume":"131","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-015-0553-4","article-title":"Myocardial infarction: symptoms and treatments","volume":"72","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction","volume":"5","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10284-3","article-title":"Exosomes in myocardial infarction: therapeutic potential and clinical application","volume":"16","author":"Nian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01077-y","article-title":"Hemin enhances the cardioprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes against infarction via amelioration of cardiomyocyte senescence","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00808-5","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor facilitates the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes in acute myocardial infarction through upregulating miR-133a-3p","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593890","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.593890","article-title":"DJ-1 regulates microglial polarization through P62-mediated TRAF6\/IRF5 Signaling in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S441307","article-title":"Nicorandil-pretreated mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitate cardiac repair after myocardial infarction via promoting macrophage M2 polarization by targeting miR-125a-5p\/TRAF6\/IRF5 Signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008737","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008737","article-title":"Engineered exosomes with ischemic myocardium-targeting peptide for targeted therapy in myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1039\/C9BM00101H","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes encapsulated in functional peptide hydrogels promote cardiac repair","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314558377","article-title":"Heart failure is associated with exaggerated endothelial ischaemia-reperfusion injury and attenuated effect of ischaemic preconditioning","volume":"23","author":"Seeger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071667","article-title":"Myocardial reperfusion injury","volume":"357","author":"Yellon","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405370","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8405370","article-title":"Ischemia\/reperfusion injury: pathophysiology, current clinical management, and potential preventive approaches","volume":"2020","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04981-7","article-title":"Engineered bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with miR302 through the cardiomyocyte specific peptide can reduce myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I\/R) injury","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56892","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c16481","article-title":"Restoring cardiac functions after myocardial infarction-ischemia\/reperfusion via an exosome anchoring conductive hydrogel","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c10784","article-title":"Triple hybrid cellular nanovesicles promote cardiac repair after ischemic reperfusion","volume":"18","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073773","article-title":"Laminin alpha 2 enhances the protective effect of exosomes on human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in an in vitro ischemia-reoxygenation model","volume":"25","author":"Mesquita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Bj\u00f6rkegren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.009","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice","volume":"54","author":"Libby","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-022-09736-8","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(\u2212\/\u2212) mice via FENDRR","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.10.037","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomal miR-145 inhibits atherosclerosis by targeting JAM-A","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13310","article-title":"Heart failure","volume":"324","author":"Baman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v15.i9.897","article-title":"Mechanism of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in the treatment of heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-020-00481-2","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in pressure overload induced remodeling","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220221","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0221","article-title":"Exosomes secreted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells suppress cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through hippo-YAP pathway in heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"4007","article-title":"Exosomes released from mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing microRNA-30e ameliorate heart failure in rats with myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11664","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA-1246 from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells potentiates myocardial angiogenesis in chronic heart failure","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-022-09743-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome-loaded microRNA-129-5p inhibits TRAF3 expression to alleviate apoptosis and oxidative stress in heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01880-x","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal lncRNA GAS5 mitigates heart failure by inhibiting UL3\/hippo pathway-mediated ferroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147722","article-title":"Cardiomyopathies: an overview","volume":"22","author":"Ciarambino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10377-4","article-title":"Ischemic cardiomyopathy: epidemiology, pathophysiology, outcomes, and therapeutic options","volume":"29","author":"Pastena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.08.012","article-title":"Intravenous mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate myocardial inflammation in the dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"503","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02421-8","article-title":"Exosomal miR-9-5p derived from iPSC-MSCs ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiomyocyte senescence","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348043","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1348043","article-title":"MSC exosomes attenuate sterile inflammation and necroptosis associated with TAK1-pJNK-NFKB mediated cardiomyopathy in diabetic ApoE KO mice","volume":"15","author":"Banerjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSC-EXO) regulate autophagy through AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"632","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"379","author":"Sagar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225240","article-title":"Viral myocarditis-from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"10","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15378","article-title":"Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate viral myocarditis through activating AMPK\/mTOR-mediated autophagy flux pathway","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300077","article-title":"Exosomal let-7a-5p derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates coxsackievirus B3-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis via the SMAD2\/ZFP36 signal axis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000137","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000137","article-title":"Pathophysiology and new advances in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Bousseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.114173","article-title":"Exosomes mediate the cytoprotective action of mesenchymal stromal cells on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension","volume":"126","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201022666201231113127","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes attenuate experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L723","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00058.2018","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes improve mitochondrial health in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"316","author":"Hogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxad098","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes alleviate hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice via macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes on pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sheng Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2018_251","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for wound regeneration","volume":"1119","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv exp med biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1729698\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:33:13Z","timestamp":1764829993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1729698\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1729698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1729698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"article-number":"1729698"}}