{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:32:16Z","timestamp":1791999136504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent and debilitating condition that significantly affects patients' quality of life and places a substantial burden on healthcare systems. In recent years, digital technologies have been increasingly explored in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), particularly through their integration within Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems to support remote monitoring and personalized care. This review aimed to provide a focused overview of emerging digital technologies applicable to the rehabilitation of patients with HF, with emphasis on solutions compatible with IoT-based systems. A targeted literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science, including studies published between 2019 and 2024. Studies addressing digital technologies in HF rehabilitation. Following a structured selection process, 59 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. The findings indicate a growing body of literature investigating wearable physiological monitoring devices, telehealth-based CR programs, digital platforms, and smart sensors, many of which have been explored for integration within IoT infrastructures. These technologies have been associated with improved remote follow-up, patient engagement, and real-time physiological data collection outside traditional clinical settings. Emerging applications of artificial intelligence within IoT-enabled systems have also been examined to support clinical workflows and adaptive rehabilitation strategies. Despite increasing interest, challenges remain, including heterogeneity in study designs, usability concerns, data privacy and security issues, economic barriers, and limited large-scale clinical validation. Overall, this review suggests that IoT-enabled technologies represent a promising area of research in CR, warranting further investigation to support their sustainable integration into routine HF care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1737523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:07:14Z","timestamp":1769177234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrating Internet of Things into cardiac rehabilitation for heart failure: a review of emerging technologies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Fernandes","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Fonseca-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT)","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-020-00643-7","article-title":"Digital technologies in heart failure management","volume":"14","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010012","article-title":"Digital health in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention: a search for the ideal tool","volume":"21","author":"Falter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.47487\/apcyccv.v4i1.281","article-title":"Tele-rehabilitaci\u00f3n cardiaca en tiempos de pandemia: experiencia en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular-INCOR","volume":"3","author":"Espinoza P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Peru Cardiol Cir Cardiovasc"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371652","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1371652","article-title":"Patients' experiences and perspectives regarding the use of digital technology to support exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: a qualitative interview study","volume":"6","author":"Zeller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000185","article-title":"mHealth interventions for exercise and risk factor modification in cardiovascular disease","volume":"47","author":"Maddison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2017.0206","article-title":"What do patients talk about? 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