{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:36:37Z","timestamp":1792506997445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative disorder that combines motor and non-motor features, including impaired balance, gait disturbances, and progressive loss of mobility. Bone involvement is well established, with low bone mass and elevated fracture risk- especially hip fractures- being common findings. Because of impaired balance, gait disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and autonomic failure, individuals with PD experience a markedly elevated risk of falls. Osteoporosis in PD likely results from a convergence of nutritional deficiencies, vitamin D insufficiency, weight loss with sarcopenia, and progressive muscle weakness. Anti-Parkinson medications such as levodopa may also contribute through hyperhomocysteinemia. In addition, dopamine depletion and chronic inflammation may further disrupt bone remodeling. This review summarizes current evidence on bone mineral density, bone quality, falls, and fractures in PD and discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this comorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1737844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T06:35:35Z","timestamp":1768286135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bone health in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comprehensive review of bone involvement and its pathophysiological mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Toussirot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Compagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charline","family":"Vauchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Bereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson's disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12386","article-title":"Postural, bone, and joint disorders in Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Rabin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.03.009","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: a risk factor for osteoporosis","volume":"82","author":"Malochet-Guinamand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.034","article-title":"Osteoporosis: a hidden nonmotor face of Parkinson's disease","volume":"134","author":"Metta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.02.009","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs161","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"van den Bos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20643","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198904000-00003","article-title":"Falls and Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Koller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp137","article-title":"Bone and mineral metabolism in older adults with Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Abou-Raya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.07.265","article-title":"Bone mineral density in hip-fracture patients with Parkinson's disease: a case-control study","volume":"87","author":"Di Monaco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324774","article-title":"Bone mineral density in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Kamanli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0584-4","article-title":"Osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study group. 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