{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:31:45Z","timestamp":1788895905108,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In order to examine the association between binocular visual function (BVF) impairment and myopia progression, as well as its relationship with axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length to-corneal radius (AL\/CR) ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 9-month longitudinal study involved 949 children [505 males; mean age: 10.96 \u00b1 0.53 years; baseline SE: \u22120.62 (\u22121.38, 0.00); baseline AL: 23.80 \u00b1 0.84]. Participants were classified based on the results of three BVF screenings (suppression, simultaneous vision, fusion vision, and stereopsis): those with normal BVF in all screenings were placed in the normal group, those with abnormal BVF in all screenings in the dysfunction group, and the rest in the unstable group. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the relationship between BVF status and changes in myopia indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the fully adjusted model, BVF status was significantly associated with rapid progression of AL, demonstrating a clear dose-response relationship. The annualized AL growth rate was 0.184 mm\/year in the normal group, 0.226 mm\/year in the unstable group, and 0.521 mm\/year in the dysfunction group. All pairwise comparisons of the growth rates were statistically significant (normal vs. unstable: \u03b2 = \u22120.00346 mm\/month; normal vs. dysfunction: \u03b2 = \u22120.02810 mm\/month; unstable vs. dysfunction: \u03b2 = \u22120.02463 mm\/month; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). In contrast, BVF status showed no significant impact on the progression of SE or AL\/CR ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BVF impairment is an independent risk factor for rapid AL growth, with a clear dose-response relationship. BVF screening could be integrated into routine eye examinations for school-aged children, allowing for early identification of individuals at high risk for rapid myopia progression. Incorporating BVF management into current myopia control strategies could lead to more effective, personalized interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1738844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:37:34Z","timestamp":1767595054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Binocular visual function impairment is an independent risk factor in axial length growth and myopia progression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hairong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","article-title":"Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0816","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children","volume":"44","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343698","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1343698","article-title":"Myopia progression after cessation of atropine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13403","article-title":"Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00135-7","article-title":"Association between digital smart device use and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Foreman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? 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