{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1788793997998,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to surgical biopsy for diagnosing interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, data on the performance of thinner cryoprobes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility, safety and pathological spectrum of TBLC using a 1.1-mm cryoprobe in a real-world cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed 52 patients with ILD who underwent TBLC with a 1.1-mm cryoprobe from July 2023 to July 2025. Procedures were performed under digital subtraction angiography guidance using a standardized protocol. Primary outcomes were diagnostic yield and pathological spectrum; secondary outcomes included specimen characteristics and procedure-related complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrated a high diagnostic yield of 88.5%. Multidisciplinary discussion diagnosis (MDD) revealed a diverse diagnostic spectrum: known-etiology ILD (50%) with hypersensitivity pneumonitis being the most common; idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (19.2%), mainly nonspecific interstitial pneumonia; and rare ILD (19.2%) with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis being the most common. The mean number of specimens obtained per operation was 3.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.2, with a median specimen diameter of 5\u202fmm (IQR: 4\u20136). The rate of severe bleeding was low at 3.8%, and there was no extremely severe bleeding. Pneumothorax occurred in only 1.9% of cases and managed without chest tube drainage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBLC with the 1.1-mm cryoprobe is a highly informative and safe diagnostic method for ILD. It obtains high-quality samples that enable accurate classification, particularly in challenging cases, supporting its key role in minimally invasive diagnosis and precision in pathological subtyping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1745802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:44:49Z","timestamp":1768196689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A refined diagnostic approach for interstitial lung disease: efficient and safe transbronchial cryobiopsy using a 1.1-mm cryoprobe"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiangang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142437","article-title":"The evolving concept of the multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and Management of Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Sanduzzi Zamparelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200425","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00425-2022","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines on transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases","volume":"60","author":"Korevaar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02435-4","article-title":"Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for diagnosing interstitial lung disease: a cross-sectional, comparative study","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.7196\/AJTCCM.2023.v29i3.799","article-title":"Comparison of the diagnostic yield of transbronchial lung biopsies by forceps and cryoprobe in diffuse parenchymal lung disease","volume":"29","author":"Khot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-198OC","article-title":"Transbronchial lung Cryobiopsy in patients with interstitial lung disease: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Kheir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2023.08.010","article-title":"Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions. A narrative review","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2022.1008","article-title":"The additive impact of transbronchial cryobiopsy using a 1.1-mm diameter cryoprobe on conventional biopsy for peripheral lung nodules","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01199-3","article-title":"Combination of 1.1 mm flexible cryoprobe with conventional guide sheath and therapeutic bronchoscope in biopsy of apical upper lobe solitary pulmonary nodule","volume":"20","author":"Kho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-024-00713-2","article-title":"The diagnostic efficiency and safety of Transbronchial lung Cryobiopsy using 1.1-mm Cryoprobe in diagnosing interstitial lung disease","volume":"202","author":"Bian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107338","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of transbronchial cryobiopsy using a 1.1-mm diameter cryoprobe for peripheral lung lesions - a prospective pilot study","volume":"217","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000444089","article-title":"Safety and diagnostic yield of Transbronchial lung Cryobiopsy in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: a comparative study versus video-assisted Thoracoscopic lung biopsy and a systematic review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Ravaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12734","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of different methods for obtaining transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in diffuse lung diseases","volume":"12","author":"Dhooria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5563","article-title":"Transbronchial lung cr onchial lung cryobiopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse obiopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: pitfalls and challenges, a single center experience","volume":"53","author":"Tertemiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02003-0","article-title":"Diagnostic value of a new cryoprobe for peripheral pulmonary lesions: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000484055","article-title":"Transbronchial cryobiopsies for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: expert statement from the cryobiopsy working group on safety and utility and a call for standardization of the procedure","volume":"95","author":"Hetzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S208824","article-title":"Transbronchial cryobiopsy validity in diagnosing diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in Egyptian population","volume":"12","author":"Shafiek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"781","article-title":"Transbronchial cryobiopsy in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in a community medical center","volume":"22","author":"Shkeiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021004","DOI":"10.36141\/svdld.v38i1.11029","article-title":"Transbronchial cryobiopsy for diagnosing parenchymal lung diseases: real-life experience from a tertiary referral center","volume":"38","author":"Turan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000001023","article-title":"Safety and diagnostic yield of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy by flexible bronchoscopy under conscious sedation without intubation in diffuse parenchymal lung disease","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2023.04.003","article-title":"Diagnostic yield and safety of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for diffuse parenchymal lung diseases diagnosis: comparison between 1.7-mm and 1.9-mm probes","volume":"31","author":"Ravaglia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pulmonology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1745802\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:44:54Z","timestamp":1768196694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1745802\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2025.1745802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1745802","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"article-number":"1745802"}}