{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:53:50Z","timestamp":1792522430677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenia is characterized by an age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, or endurance. It is increasingly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is now regarded as a key complication of the disease. Additionally, it has a significant impact on patients\u2019 prognosis. Imaging methods are crucial tools for assessing muscle mass and microchanges. Moreover, they can facilitate the early diagnosis of sarcopenia. Thus, this article reviews the pathological basis and clinical manifestations of sarcopenia in T2DM, the advantages and disadvantages of imaging assessment methods, their specific applications, imaging manifestations, and research progress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1637499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:51:17Z","timestamp":1768978277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an imaging review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shaoyang University","place":["Shaoyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shaoyang University","place":["Shaoyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China","place":["Hengyang, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.29011\/2577-2228.100460","article-title":"Health and racial disparities in diabetes mellitus prevalence, management, policies, and outcomes in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Yedjou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2014.09.007","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Forouhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89525","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.89525","article-title":"Beyond the triad: uncommon initial presentations in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Joseph","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02995-9","article-title":"Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a consensus report by the outcome working group of the global leadership initiative in sarcopenia (GLIS)","volume":"37","author":"Beaudart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114567710","article-title":"Sarcopenia and critical illness: a deadly combination in the elderly","volume":"39","author":"Hanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01935-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus among Asian populations: prevalence and risk factors based on AWGS- 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Yogesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09871-9","article-title":"Diabetic sarcopenia. A proposed muscle screening protocol in people with diabetes","volume":"25","author":"de Luis Rom\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782391","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.782391","article-title":"The association between diabetes mellitus and risk of sarcopenia: accumulated evidences from observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365189","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1365189","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and renal function in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Ida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14462","article-title":"Association between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wannarong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1990-0201","article-title":"Sarcopenia \u2013 definition, radiological diagnosis, clinical significance","volume":"195","author":"Vogele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Bildgeb Verfahr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783363","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.783363","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with a risk of mortality in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000517099","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with mortality in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Izzo","year":""},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091970","article-title":"Mechanisms of IGF-1-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","article-title":"Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835a88ee","article-title":"Muscle protein anabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Bassil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa129","article-title":"Myostatin and muscle atrophy during chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Bataille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18330","article-title":"Activation of caspase-3 is an initial step triggering accelerated muscle proteolysis in catabolic conditions","volume":"113","author":"Du","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082401","article-title":"Myostatin as a biomarker of muscle wasting and other pathologies-state of the art and knowledge gaps","volume":"12","author":"Baczek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14339","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as a treatment target for older adults with diabetes mellitus: the importance of a multimodal intervention based on functional category","volume":"22","author":"Omura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.05.214","article-title":"Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods","volume":"104","author":"Goldberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0786","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: advanced glycation end-products and their receptor in inflammation and diabetes complications","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12043","article-title":"Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training","volume":"6","author":"Bowen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.001","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide impairs insulin-stimulated assembly of mTORC1","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2017.08.009","article-title":"The physiopathologic role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle","volume":"170","author":"Scicchitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050822","article-title":"NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of acute-phase reactants and interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X","volume":"40","author":"Pickup","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.3.812","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European prospective investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study","volume":"52","author":"Spranger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0190-y","article-title":"Chemokines as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: results from the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg study, 1984-2002","volume":"49","author":"Herder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0337","article-title":"Constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation contributes to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Mashili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2232","article-title":"Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese and type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"53","author":"Rieusset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref33","author":"Sriwijitkamol","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201607052","article-title":"STAT3 promotes IFN\u03b3\/TNF\u03b1-induced muscle wasting in an NF-\u03baB-dependent and IL-6-independent manner","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-1007-9","article-title":"Study on relationship between elderly sarcopenia and inflammatory cytokine IL-6, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10","volume":"18","author":"Rong","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040909","article-title":"The impact of estrogens and their receptors on immunity and inflammation during infection","volume":"14","author":"Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/t03g31","article-title":"The epigenetic effects of glucocorticoids, sex hormones and vitamin D as steroidal hormones in rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"42","author":"Gotelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09550-1","article-title":"MicroRNAs regulate the vicious cycle of vascular calcification-osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej13-0244","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: the Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0533","article-title":"Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities","volume":"229","author":"Cleasby","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","article-title":"Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship","volume":"12","author":"Mesinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.09.012","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in musculoskeletal system and disorders","volume":"203","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods San Diego Calif"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12862","article-title":"Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Meex","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010172","article-title":"The vicious cycle of type 2 diabetes mellitus and skeletal muscle atrophy: clinical, biochemical, and nutritional bases","volume":"16","author":"Lopez-Pedrosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00577","article-title":"The role of ceramides in insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152359","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in sarcopenia: diagnosis and therapeutic update","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez-Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15424","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15424","article-title":"Quantifying the inflammatory secretome of human intermuscular adipose tissue","volume":"10","author":"Kahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-209","article-title":"Age-associated differences in triceps surae muscle composition and strength - an MRI-based cross-sectional comparison of contractile, adipose and connective tissue","volume":"15","author":"Csapo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49740","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.49740","article-title":"Type-2 diabetes mellitus and the gut microbiota: systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Slouha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7026198","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7026198","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis and muscle aging: searching for novel targets against sarcopenia","volume":"2018","author":"Picca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0345-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota contribute to age-related changes in skeletal muscle size, composition, and function: biological basis for a gut-muscle axis","volume":"102","author":"Grosicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"glae044","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae044","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota-mediated tryptophan metabolism on Inflammaging in frailty and sarcopenia","volume":"79","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801209R","article-title":"Gut microbiome catabolites as novel modulators of muscle cell glucose metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Houghton","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010183","article-title":"A narrative review on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"13","author":"Izzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-017-0339-6","article-title":"Sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and related clinical factors","volume":"9","author":"Murata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetol Int"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110835","article-title":"Difference in sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors according to 2010 and 2018 European consensus (EWGSOP) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"de Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0700-5","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can predict cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Fukuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233299","article-title":"The prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia among community living elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care clinics in Malaysia","volume":"15","author":"Sazlina","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950404","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3950404","article-title":"Risk factors for sarcopenia in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the effect of metformin","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.06.012","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and mild cognitive impairment using the Japanese version of the SARC-F in elderly patients with diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Ida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13487","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with blood pressure variability in older patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13577","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with tongue pressure in older patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Kaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12908","article-title":"Importance of physical evaluation using skeletal muscle mass index and body fat percentage to prevent sarcopenia in elderly Japanese diabetes patients","volume":"10","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18708","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018708","article-title":"A cross-sectional study: associations between sarcopenia and clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12636","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with incident albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective observational study","volume":"8","author":"Bouchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19126","article-title":"Sarcopenia is independently associated with the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13627","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and sleep disorder in older patients with diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Ida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13070","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass: the multicenter study for clarifying evidence for sarcopenia in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01727-0","article-title":"Revisiting: \u201cprevalence of and factors associated with sarcopenia among multi-ethnic ambulatory older Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary care setting.\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13014","article-title":"Association of accumulated advanced glycation end-products with a high prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13498","article-title":"Association between dynapenia and decline in higher-level functional capacity in older men with diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Ida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0024","article-title":"High brain natriuretic peptide is associated with sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4511","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S489605","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) is associated with sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20678-7","article-title":"Sex differences in frailty of geriatric outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicentre cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00707-7","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.10.006","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of sarcopenia onset in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women: 4-year follow-up study","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2002.00065.x","article-title":"Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index\/body fat per cent relationship","volume":"3","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00332","article-title":"Health consequences of Sarcopenic obesity: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Roh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66649-8","article-title":"Age- and BMI-related variations of fat distribution in sacral and lumbar bone marrow and their association with local muscle fat content","volume":"10","author":"Burian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12874","article-title":"Shortage of energy intake rather than protein intake is associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort","volume":"11","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00742-y","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effect of metformin on handgrip strength, gait speed, myostatin serum level, and health-related quality of life: a double blind randomized controlled trial among non-diabetic pre-frail elderly patients","volume":"49","author":"Laksmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275266","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1275266","article-title":"Mechanisms and effects of metformin on skeletal muscle disorders","volume":"14","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000152013.23032.d1","article-title":"Influence of metformin on glucose intolerance and muscle catabolism following severe burn injury","volume":"241","author":"Gore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06357-x","article-title":"Exploring the protective effect of metformin against sarcopenia: insights from cohort studies and genetics","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2022.18.157","article-title":"Sarcopenia and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Purnamasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud RDS"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2478\/rjim-2018-0003","article-title":"Sarcopenia in diabetic nephropathy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"56","author":"\u00c7eliker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1166","article-title":"Hyperglycemia predicts persistently lower muscle strength with aging","volume":"38","author":"Kalyani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08972-1","article-title":"Sarcopenia is independently associated with diabetic foot disease","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.19-85","article-title":"Reduced dietary omega-3 fatty acids intake is associated with sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.06.023","article-title":"Sarcopenia associated with renal function in the patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"118","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.12.15","article-title":"Established paths and new avenues: a review of the main radiological techniques for investigating sarcopenia","volume":"10","author":"Giraudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.04.004","article-title":"DXA: technical aspects and application","volume":"85","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.018","article-title":"The official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: body composition analysis reporting","volume":"16","author":"Petak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom Off J Int Soc Clin Densitom"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0068","article-title":"The prevalence of presarcopenia in Asian Indian individuals with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Anbalagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376016","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2376016","article-title":"High plasma glucagon levels correlate with waist-to-hip ratio, Suprailiac skinfold thickness, and deep subcutaneous abdominal and intraperitoneal adipose tissue depots in nonobese Asian Indian males with type 2 diabetes in North India","volume":"2017","author":"Anoop","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12392","article-title":"Difference between old and young adults in contribution of \u03b2-cell function and sarcopenia in developing diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.5","article-title":"Comparison of DXA and CT in the assessment of body composition in premenopausal women with obesity and anorexia nervosa","volume":"18","author":"Bredella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S443572","article-title":"Imaging of sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.04.009","article-title":"Imaging of sarcopenia","volume":"85","author":"Sergi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.3.693","article-title":"A radiographic method of quantifying protein-calorie undernutrition","volume":"32","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2018.10.004","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle by computed tomography imaging\u2014state of the art","volume":"15","author":"Engelke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop Transl"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00744.2004","article-title":"Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image","volume":"97","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12317","article-title":"Screening for low muscularity in colorectal cancer patients: a valid, clinic-friendly approach that predicts mortality","volume":"9","author":"Cespedes Feliciano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.6043","article-title":"Loss of muscle mass during chemotherapy is predictive for poor survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Blauwhoff-Buskermolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29825-5","article-title":"Skeletal muscle cutoff values for sarcopenia diagnosis using T10 to L5 measurements in a healthy US population","volume":"8","author":"Derstine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13732","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of computed tomography-assessed skeletal muscle mass on outcome in patients awaiting or undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"16","author":"van Vugt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0034-5","article-title":"Percentiles for skeletal muscle index, area and radiation attenuation based on computed tomography imaging in a healthy Caucasian population","volume":"72","author":"van der Werf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-022-01450-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia: how to measure, when and why","volume":"127","author":"Tagliafico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0077","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of psoas muscle thickness for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12532","article-title":"Skeletal muscle changes assessed by preoperative computed tomography images can predict the long-term prognosis of stage III colorectal Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Yokoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.10.003","article-title":"Effects of combination of change in visceral fat and thigh muscle mass on the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0022","article-title":"Association of Thigh Muscle Mass with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese Americans","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53707-8","article-title":"Precise individual muscle segmentation in whole thigh CT scans for sarcopenia assessment using U-net transformer","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12224","article-title":"Measurement of skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and basis of its biological variation","volume":"210","author":"Aubrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21328","article-title":"Myosteatosis increases with aging and is associated with incident diabetes in African ancestry men","volume":"24","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00784-2","article-title":"Intermuscular adipose tissue in metabolic disease","volume":"19","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12061016","article-title":"HR-pQCT for the evaluation of muscle quality and intramuscular fat infiltration in ageing skeletal muscle","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0517-6","article-title":"Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07820-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fat quantification by dual-energy computed tomography in comparison with 3T MR imaging","volume":"31","author":"Molwitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad382","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and Myosteatosis measured by abdominal computed tomography","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.05.011","article-title":"MRI quantitative analysis of eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29182","article-title":"Utilization of multi-parametric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"60","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29489","article-title":"From voxels to physiology: A review of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging applications in skeletal muscle","volume":"61","author":"Berry","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10198","article-title":"Validation of diffusion tensor MRI-based muscle fiber tracking","volume":"48","author":"Damon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111171","article-title":"Type-2 muscle fiber atrophy is associated with sarcopenia in elderly men with hip fracture","volume":"144","author":"Tanganelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13851","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13851","article-title":"Age-related changes in human skeletal muscle microstructure and architecture assessed by diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging and their association with muscle strength","volume":"22","author":"Cameron","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-023-00940-1","article-title":"Magnetic resonance myocardial T1\u03c1 mapping","volume":"25","author":"Bustin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24358","article-title":"In vivo whole-brain T1-rho mapping across adulthood: normative values and age dependence","volume":"40","author":"Watts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2017.04.012","article-title":"A non-contrast CMR index for assessing myocardial fibrosis","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335899","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1335899","article-title":"Early detection of myocardial involvement by non-contrast T1\u03c1 mapping of cardiac magnetic resonance in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry9040111","article-title":"MRI quantitative evaluation of muscle fatty infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Chianca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magnetochemistry"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030243","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative radiological assessment of sarcopenia and Cachexia in Cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mortellaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2017-0064","article-title":"Pathophysiological analyses of skeletal muscle in obese type 2 diabetes SDT fatty rats","volume":"31","author":"Kemmochi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0862-2","article-title":"Loss of 50% of excess weight using a very low energy diet improves insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and skeletal muscle insulin signalling in obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"51","author":"Jazet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.02.06","article-title":"MRI in the assessment of adipose tissues and muscle composition: how to use it","volume":"10","author":"Huber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27778","article-title":"Editorial for \u201cquantification of bone marrow fat fraction and iron by MRI for distinguishing aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Chianca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.01.013","article-title":"Magnetic resonance rotator cuff fat fraction and its relationship with tendon tear severity and subject characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.10.020","article-title":"Quantitative Dixon MRI sequences to relate muscle atrophy and fatty degeneration with range of motion and muscle force in brachial plexus injury","volume":"36","author":"Duijnisveld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000177307.21081.81","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"25","author":"Gujar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuro Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120399","article-title":"Quantification of muscle fat in patients with low back pain: comparison of multi-echo MR imaging with single-voxel MR spectroscopy","volume":"266","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22775","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Reeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14413","article-title":"Distribution patterns of intramyocellular and extramyocellular fat by magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with diabetes, prediabetes and normoglycaemic controls","volume":"23","author":"Kiefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24002-1","article-title":"Low thigh muscle strength in relation to myosteatosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.146.3.565","article-title":"MRI of normal and pathologic skeletal muscle","volume":"146","author":"Murphy","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5433-z","article-title":"Monitoring skeletal muscle chronic fatty degenerations with fast T1-mapping","volume":"28","author":"Marty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-2951-3","article-title":"T2-mapping of the sacroiliac joints at 1.5 tesla: a feasibility and reproducibility study","volume":"47","author":"Albano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01123-8","article-title":"T2 mapping of the trapeziometacarpal joint and triangular fibrocartilage complex: a feasibility and reproducibility study at 1.5 T","volume":"125","author":"Chianca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21143","article-title":"Quantitative MRI Musculoskeletal Techniques: An Update","volume":"213","author":"de Mello","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3187-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of diffusion tensor imaging in assessing disease severity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: preliminary study","volume":"45","author":"Ponrartana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192647","article-title":"MRI of skeletal muscles in participants with type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"297","author":"Stouge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12842","article-title":"Imaging methods for analyzing body composition in human obesity and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"1353","author":"Seabolt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020086","article-title":"Radiologic definition of sarcopenia in chronic liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000360","article-title":"Current body composition measurement techniques","volume":"24","author":"Lemos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07440-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia can be determined with 1.5-T and 3-T neck MRI scans, in the event that no neck CT scan is performed","volume":"31","author":"Zwart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106782","article-title":"A novel radiographic marker of sarcopenia with prognostic value in glioblastoma","volume":"207","author":"Huq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-022-01118-8","article-title":"A systematic review on foot muscle atrophy in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Thukral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-180333","article-title":"Exploration of new contrasts, targets, and MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques for neuromuscular disease - A workshop report of working group 3 of the biomedicine and molecular biosciences COST action BM1304 MYO-MRI","volume":"6","author":"Strijkers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12061385","article-title":"Reliability of gradient-echo magnetic resonance elastography of lumbar muscles: phantom and clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142958","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138873","article-title":"Quantifying the elastic property of nine thigh muscles using magnetic resonance elastography","volume":"10","author":"Chakouch","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26759","article-title":"Relationship of changes in strain rate indices estimated from velocity-encoded MR imaging to loss of muscle force following disuse atrophy","volume":"79","author":"Malis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8935","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2019.8935","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging based muscle strain rate mapping during eccentric contraction to study effects of unloading induced by unilateral limb suspension","volume":"30","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85416","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085416","article-title":"Distinct disease phases in muscles of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy patients identified by MR detected fat infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Janssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00634.2020","article-title":"Postcontractile blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"131","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.605717","article-title":"Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging of the skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease","volume":"113","author":"Ledermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23536","article-title":"Skeletal muscle BOLD MRI: from underlying physiological concepts to its usefulness in clinical conditions","volume":"35","author":"Jacobi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132811Y.0000000010","article-title":"Skeletal muscle ultrasound","volume":"33","author":"Pillen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.11.013","article-title":"Muscle ultrasound and sarcopenia in older individuals: A clinical perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3962-4","article-title":"Differences in elbow extensor muscle characteristics between resistance-trained men and women","volume":"118","author":"Merrigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.09.014","article-title":"Ultrasound-based detection of low muscle mass for diagnosis of sarcopenia in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Minetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12254","article-title":"Intrinsic foot muscle and plantar tissue changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S292991","article-title":"Application of high-resolution ultrasound on diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21052","article-title":"Calibrated quantitative ultrasound imaging of skeletal muscle using backscatter analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zaidman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9517-z","article-title":"Association between ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness, pennation angle, echogenicity and skeletal muscle strength in the elderly","volume":"35","author":"Strasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Dordr Neth"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00522-5","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasound assessment of fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles using backscatter coefficient","volume":"8","author":"Toto-Brocchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01139-0","article-title":"The effect of ageing on shear wave elastography muscle stiffness in adults","volume":"31","author":"Alfuraih","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13567","article-title":"Age-related changes in muscle elasticity and thickness of the lower extremities are associated with physical functions among community-dwelling older women","volume":"19","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09382-2","article-title":"Value of conventional ultrasound and shear wave elastography in the assessment of muscle mass and function in elderly people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11182483","article-title":"Machine learning applications in sarcopenia detection and management: A comprehensive survey","volume":"11","author":"Turimov Mustapoevich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2023.01050","article-title":"Assessment of skeletal muscle using deep learning on low-dose CT images","volume":"5","author":"Matsushita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Health Med"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83401-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for body composition assessment focusing on sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Onishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-018-0274-1","article-title":"Sarcopenia increases the risk for mortality in patients who undergo amputation for diabetic foot","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2020.11.001","article-title":"The assessment of skeletal muscle and cortical bone by second-generation HR-pQCT at the tibial midshaft","volume":"24","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom Off J Int Soc Clin Densitom"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000374","article-title":"Association of Quadriceps Muscle fat with Isometric Strength Measurements in healthy males using chemical shift encoding-based water-fat magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"40","author":"Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2938","article-title":"Fiber type characterization in skeletal muscle by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"26","author":"Scheel","year":"2013","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-015-2313-3","article-title":"Multi-parametric MR imaging of quadriceps musculature in the setting of clinical frailty syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Melville","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12060884","article-title":"Role of muscle ultrasound for the study of frailty in elderly patients with diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Sim\u00f3-Servat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1637499\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:40:48Z","timestamp":1771918848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1637499\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":190,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1637499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1637499","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"article-number":"1637499"}}