{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:20:01Z","timestamp":1771928401733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have shown that complement activation is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis. This study aims to investigate the relationship between complement 3 (C3) and vascular calcification (VC) in non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four hundred and fifty six NDD-CKD patients were enrolled from 2019 to 2022. C3 was measured by immunoscattering turbidimetry. According to the results of CT imaging, the patients were divided into the aorta vascular calcification group and the non-aortic vascular calcification group. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and logistic regression model were used to explore the association between C3 and VC in NDD-CKD patients. To assess how it predicted, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was undertaken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In NDD-CKD patients, the third tertile of C3 (0.95\u20131.63 g\/L) was significantly correlated with VC (OR\u202f=\u202f2.06, 95% CI: 1.13\u20133.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.020). Older age and history of underlying diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia) are independent risk factors for VC in NDD-CKD patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of C3 for predicting VC was 0.849\u202fg\/L (sensitivity, 79.4%; specificity, 76.7%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with NDD-CKD, serum complement C3 exhibits a J-shaped relationship with vascular calcification, indicating a complex, non-linear association. Additionally, older age, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were confirmed as independent risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1670422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:16:07Z","timestamp":1770009367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation between complement C3 level and abdominal aortic calcification in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chenfei","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Lanzhou City","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqiong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Lanzhou City","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad083","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease: a review from the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine Working Group of the European Renal Association","volume":"119","author":"Zoccali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000381937","article-title":"Serum soluble Klotho level is associated with abdominal aortic calcification in patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood 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