{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:39:37Z","timestamp":1777354777269,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is a prevalent inflammatory skin disorder, and the objective, timely, and accurate assessment of its severity is critical for guiding standardized treatment. Conventional evaluation methods are often subjective and time-consuming, limiting clinical efficiency. Optical imaging technologies, characterized by non-invasiveness and high resolution, enable the rapid visualization of key pathological features at the microstructural level, including follicular hyperkeratinization, sebaceous hyperactivity, bacterial colonization, and inflammation. Single-modality imaging techniques, such as OCT, RCM, dermoscopy, LSCI, UV fluorescence imaging, and HSI, can delineate various acne-related changes but face limitations in complex clinical settings. In contrast, multimodal imaging integrates complementary techniques to offer a more comprehensive pathological profile, demonstrating significant potential in clinical applications. Future advancements should prioritize enhanced resolution, sensitivity, and integration with artificial intelligence to improve the precision and reliability of acne severity assessment. This review summarizes the photobiological properties of key acne-related biomarkers and their potential to be harnessed through optical imaging for improved diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1710354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:50:17Z","timestamp":1777351817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomedical optical imaging of acne pathology: from single-modality methods to multimodal integration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Changping Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianghua","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd.","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Cowisdom Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15029","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Moradi Tuchayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00793","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00793-19","article-title":"Porphyrin production and regulation in cutaneous propionibacteria","volume":"5","author":"Barnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.17633","article-title":"Management of acne vulgaris: a review","volume":"326","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.02.040","article-title":"Acne vulgaris and risk of depression and anxiety: a meta-analytic review","volume":"83","author":"Samuels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00099.x","article-title":"A comparison of current acne grading systems and proposal of a novel system","volume":"36","author":"Doshi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.09.005","article-title":"Acne severity grading: determining essential clinical components and features using a delphi consensus","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.008","article-title":"The assessment of acne: an evaluation of grading and lesion counting in the measurement of acne","volume":"22","author":"Witkowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S266320","article-title":"Severity of acne vulgaris: comparison of two assessment methods","volume":"13","author":"Alsulaimani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24204-6","article-title":"An automatic diagnosis method of facial acne vulgaris based on convolutional neural network","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-021-00541-9","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of a deep learning model for assessing acne vulgaris using clinical images","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03774-z","article-title":"A cell phone app for facial acne severity assessment","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Intell (Dordr)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6828","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186828","article-title":"Acne detection by ensemble neural networks","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1052","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20861","article-title":"Large language models in evaluating hidradenitis suppurativa from clinical images","volume":"39","author":"Boostani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17729","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of GPT-4o and Gemini flash 2.0 in acne and rosacea","volume":"64","author":"Boostani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04984-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: advances in pathogenesis and prevention strategies","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15641","article-title":"The evolution of healthy skin to acne lesions: a longitudinal, in vivo evaluation with reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography","volume":"33","author":"Manfredini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19327","article-title":"The role of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the management of acne: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Cretu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02258.x","article-title":"Guidelines for measurement of skin colour and erythema. A report from the standardization group of the European Society of contact dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Fullerton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contact Derm"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0846.2001.007001001.x","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review","volume":"7","author":"Welzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-008-0626-3","article-title":"Review of laser speckle contrast techniques for visualizing tissue perfusion","volume":"24","author":"Draijer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1096","article-title":"Reflectance confocal microscopy of pigmented basal cell carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Agero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0307110","DOI":"10.3788\/CJL221241","article-title":"Non-contact and in vivo polarization imaging method for measuring facial skin structures and characteristics","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Lasers"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14826","article-title":"Dynamic evaluation of pathological changes in a mouse acne model by optical imaging technology","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13020","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13020","article-title":"Acne and rosacea: what\u2019s new for treatment?","volume":"32","author":"Dursun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.618","article-title":"Management of acne: a report from a global alliance to improve outcomes in acne","volume":"49","author":"Gollnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050128","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris: new insights from the integration of population genetic, multi-omic, biochemical and host-microbe studies","volume":"7","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.05.013","article-title":"Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: Propionibacterium acnes biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug","volume":"57","author":"Burkhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14069","article-title":"High bacterial colonization and lipase activity in microcomedones","volume":"29","author":"Josse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.03.004","article-title":"Pattern of tissue invasion by propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris","volume":"67","author":"Alexeyev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: a brief look at the latest updates","volume":"32","author":"Dr\u00e9no","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.10.003","article-title":"Understanding the role of propionibacterium acnes in acne vulgaris: the critical importance of skin sampling methodologies","volume":"35","author":"Omer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10897.x","article-title":"An increased incidence of propionibacterium acnes biofilms in acne vulgaris: a case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Jahns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01577.x","article-title":"Skin melanin, hemoglobin, and light scattering properties can be quantitatively assessed in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Zonios","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3390\/life12121973","article-title":"Feasibility of reflectance confocal microscopy monitoring in oily, acne-prone facial skin treated with a topical combination of alpha and beta-hydroxy acids, anti-inflammatory molecules, and herculane thermal water: a blinded, one-month study","volume":"12","author":"Lupu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000067825","article-title":"Comedogenesis: some aetiological, clinical and therapeutic strategies","volume":"206","author":"Cunliffe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03531.x","article-title":"Comedogenesis: some new aetiological, clinical and therapeutic strategies","volume":"142","author":"Cunliffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.12.046","article-title":"Wood\u2019s lamp-induced fluorescence of milia","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20857-6","article-title":"Contribution of autofluorescence from intracellular proteins in multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging","volume":"12","author":"Malak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90497-1","article-title":"Fluorescence photography in the evaluation of acne","volume":"35","author":"Lucchina","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220524154448","article-title":"Insights of lipid vesicular and particulate carrier mediated approach for acne management","volume":"20","author":"Dudhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000247650","article-title":"Comparison of the kinetics of sebum secretion in young women with and without acne","volume":"183","author":"Pi\u00e9rard-Franchimont","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000248774","article-title":"Seborrhoea in acne-prone and acne-free patients","volume":"175","author":"Pi\u00e9rard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/s0190-9622(83)70023-x","article-title":"Sustainable rates of sebum secretion in acne patients and matched normal control subjects","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01908-x","article-title":"From pathogenesis of acne vulgaris to anti-acne agents","volume":"311","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00890.x","article-title":"New developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.3390\/app13052838","article-title":"The influence of sebum on directional reflectance of the skin","volume":"13","author":"Bany\u015b","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-020-02070-5","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of skin surface oiliness and shine using differential polarized images","volume":"313","author":"Kohli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202100015","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202100015","article-title":"Imaging sebaceous gland using optical coherence tomography with deep learning assisted automatic identification","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.007","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes evolution: one pore at a time","volume":"30","author":"Flowers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0088","article-title":"In vivo porphyrin production by P. acnes in untreated acne patients and its modulation by acne treatment","volume":"86","author":"Borelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-Venereol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06530.x","article-title":"Induction of a chemoattractive proinflammatory cytokine response after stimulation of keratinocytes with propionibacterium acnes and coproporphyrin III","volume":"153","author":"Schaller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102575","article-title":"Porphyrins produced by acneic cutibacterium acnes strains activate the inflammasome by inducing K+ leakage","volume":"24","author":"Spittaels","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.07.001","article-title":"Which are the main fluorophores in skin and oral mucosa? A review with emphasis on clinical applications of tissue autofluorescence","volume":"105","author":"Giovannacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144264","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopy of porphyrins and phthalocyanines: some insights into supramolecular self-assembly, microencapsulation, and imaging microscopy","volume":"26","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7552","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra10688g","article-title":"Chemistry of porphyrins in fossil plants and animals","volume":"11","author":"Tahoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00023-15","article-title":"Strain-level differences in porphyrin production and regulation in propionibacterium acnes elucidate disease associations","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320040007","article-title":"Porphyrin metabolisms in human skin commensal propionibacterium acnes bacteria: potential application to monitor human radiation risk","volume":"20","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2010.00541.x","article-title":"Fluorescence diagnostic imaging in patients with acne","volume":"26","author":"Dobrev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10598.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet-induced red fluorescence of patients with acne reflects regional casual sebum level and acne lesion distribution: qualitative and quantitative analyses of facial fluorescence: UV-induced red fluorescence and casual sebum level","volume":"166","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1718-3","article-title":"Measuring acne using coproporphyrin III, protoporphyrin IX, and lesion-specific inflammation: an exploratory study","volume":"309","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15811","article-title":"The assessment of moderate acne vulgaris face skin using blood perfusion and hyperspectral imaging-a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Zdrada-Nowak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x","article-title":"Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation","volume":"121","author":"Jeremy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12396","article-title":"SpectraCam\u00ae: a new polarized hyperspectral imaging system for repeatable and reproducible in vivo skin quantification of melanin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation","volume":"24","author":"Nkengne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12479191","article-title":"The optics of human skin","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12074","article-title":"Imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation ratio in the face by spectral camera and its application to evaluate dark circles","volume":"19","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1803.2020.10.009","article-title":"Application of two-photon imaging technology in epidermal inflammation of acnes caused by Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Surfactant Detergent Cosmet"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0020-4","article-title":"Guidelines on experimental methods to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Connolly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14560","article-title":"Hidradenitis suppurativa: morphologic and vascular study of nodular inflammatory lesions by means of optical coherence tomography","volume":"31","author":"Manfredini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.04.052","article-title":"Confocal laser scanning microscopy and optical coherence tomography for the evaluation of the kinetics and quantification of wound healing after fractional laser therapy","volume":"69","author":"Sattler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200910020","article-title":"OCT imaging of skin cancer and other dermatological diseases","volume":"2","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00690.x","article-title":"In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology","volume":"113","author":"Rajadhyaksha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"108","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging tools in dermatology","volume":"104","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00847-z","article-title":"Monitoring skin blood flow to rapidly identify alterations in tissue perfusion during fluid removal using continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in patients with circulatory shock","volume":"11","author":"Mongkolpun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2020.104072","article-title":"Laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) technology for the semiquantitative measurement of angiogenesis in in-ovo-tumor-model","volume":"133","author":"Pion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00794.x","article-title":"Wood\u2019s light in dermatology","volume":"38","author":"Asawanonda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12428","article-title":"A review of hyperspectral imaging for chicken meat safety and quality evaluation: application, hardware, and software","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.651542","article-title":"Application of hyperspectral imaging in food safety inspection and control: a review","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23008","article-title":"Acne vulgaris severity graded by in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography","volume":"51","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4787","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144787","article-title":"Characterization of acne-prone skin with reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography and modifications induced by topical treatment and probiotic supplementation","volume":"12","author":"Manfredini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1312","article-title":"VISIA system: a possible tool in the cosmetic practice","volume":"13","author":"Goldsberry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"746","article-title":"Auto-classification of acne lesions using multimodal imaging","volume-title":"J Drugs Dermatol","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1967.150","article-title":"Red fluorescence of comedones: production of porphyrins by corynebacterium acnes","volume":"49","author":"Cornelius","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1980.tb06557.x","article-title":"Facial follicular porphyrin fluorescence: correlation with age and density of propionibacterium acnes","volume":"102","author":"McGinley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4702423","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4702423","article-title":"The role of digital fluorescence in acne vulgaris: correlation of ultraviolet red fluorescence with the severity of acne vulgaris","volume":"2019","author":"Putra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000489396","article-title":"Is human sebum the source of skin follicular ultraviolet-induced red fluorescence? A cellular to histological study","volume":"234","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0909-752X.2006.00166.x","article-title":"Fluorescence digital photography of acne using a light-emitting diode illuminator","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14369","article-title":"Acne: morphologic and vascular study of lesions and surrounding skin by means of optical coherence tomography","volume":"31","author":"Manfredini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61276-9","article-title":"Cutaneous optical coherence tomography for longitudinal volumetric assessment of intradermal volumes in a mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Schuetzenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071783","article-title":"Dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography features of acne: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Alma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14508","article-title":"Dynamic optical coherence tomography of skin blood vessels - proposed terminology and practical guidelines","volume":"32","author":"Ulrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23140","article-title":"First use of optical coherence tomography on in vivo inflammatory acne-like lesions: a murine model","volume":"52","author":"Hermsmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.10.010","article-title":"The skin through reflectance confocal microscopy \u2014 historical background, technical principles, and its correlation with histopathology","volume":"97","author":"Braghiroli","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"16","article-title":"A comparative study of dermatoscopic features of acne-related postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in facial and nonfacial areas in Asian patients","volume":"15","author":"Jurairattanaporn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2020.05.022","article-title":"Dermoscopy as an auxiliary tool in the assessment of Malassezia folliculitis: an observational study","volume":"113","author":"Jakhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16279","article-title":"Intradermal injection of Cutibacterium acnes and staphylococcus: a pustular acne-like murine model","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119278","article-title":"Network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and biological validation reveal a lipid secretion inhibitory and anti-inflammatory mechanism of Tanreqing gel in the treatment of acne","volume":"340","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894901","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.894901","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of angiogenesis in skin wound healing by multi-optical imaging techniques","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12286","article-title":"Follicular fluorescence quantity to characterize acne severity: a validation study","volume":"22","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102388","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of age-dependent changes in porphyrins from fluorescence images of ultraviolet photography by image processing","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10080174","article-title":"Acne detection based on reconstructed hyperspectral images","volume":"10","author":"Mohammed Ridha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Imaging"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1159\/000501272","article-title":"Multimodal clinical imaging assessment of the outcome in mild-to-moderate acne: a prospective study","volume":"235","author":"Kyrgidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/s0190-9622(99)70005-8","article-title":"Digital fluorescence photography can assess the suppressive effect of benzoyl peroxide on propionibacterium acnes","volume":"41","author":"Pagnoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12448","article-title":"Erythema-directed digital photography for the enhanced evaluation of topical treatments for acne vulgaris","volume":"24","author":"Micali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1710354\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:50:27Z","timestamp":1777351827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1710354\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1710354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1710354","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"article-number":"1710354"}}