{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:31:20Z","timestamp":1772177480504,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the representation of women in the field of surgery is on the rise, significant challenges remain in achieving gender equality, particularly in neurosurgery, a domain that has historically been dominated by men until relatively recently. The advancements made in this area owe much to trailblazing women like Milena Auretta Rosso, who holds the distinction of being Italy\u2019s first female neurosurgeon. It is crucial to acknowledge their contributions, careers, and the adversities they faced in pursuit of their ambitions. Born in 1943 in Genoa, Italy, Rosso graduated with honors in General Medicine from Sapienza University in Rome in 1969. After completing her medical education at the same institution in 1972, she became the first female neurosurgeon in Italy. Throughout her academic journey, she encountered numerous instances of hostility and misogyny. In 1974, an accident resulted in a broken finger on her right hand, which ultimately ended her neurosurgical career. This pivotal moment led her to redirect her professional path while remaining in the medical field, as she pursued studies in iridology. Currently, she practices in Rome, where she also engages in various conferences and has authored a book.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1712773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:24:49Z","timestamp":1772169889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Milena Auretta Rosso first female Italian neurosurgeon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Mostofi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Clinical de Soyaux","place":["Soyaux, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Caragliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Clinical de Soyaux","place":["Soyaux, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1179\/016146210x12593180182577","article-title":"Critical approaches to gender and sexuality in Italian culture and society","volume":"65","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital Stud"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/00751634.2017.1370787","article-title":"David must fall! Decentring the renaissance in contemporary and transcultural Italian studies","volume":"72","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital Stud"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1179\/007516305x60124","article-title":"Metempsychosis and \u201crenaissance\u201d between Petrarch and Boccaccio","volume":"60","author":"Usher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ital Stud"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/00751634.2023.2258685","article-title":"Vite e carriere di pittori con sordit\u00e0 prelinguale attivi in Italia nel periodo 1590\u20131720","volume":"78","author":"Lo Conte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital Stud"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Higher education of women in Europe","author":"Lange","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","year":""},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"The civil code of 1865 and the origins of the feminist movement in Italy. The Italian immigrant woman in North America","author":"Howard","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Le donne nel regime fascista","volume-title":"Cara contessa. Le donne e il fascismo, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2014","author":"Gianelloni","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Les femmes pendant le fascisme: statut juridique et r\u00e9sistance intellectuelle","author":"Bracchi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"L\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des femmes dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 italienne: une perspective juridique de la naissance de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui","author":"Simoncini","year":""},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Circa un terzo dei manager nell'Ue sono donne","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"\u201cLL\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des femmes dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 italienne: une perspective juridique de la naissance de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui.\u201d M\u00e9moire(s), identit\u00e9(s), marginalit\u00e9(s) dans le monde occidental contemporain, No. 28 | 2022, Journal of Cahiers du MIMMOC. Online since 10 November 2022, consulted on 05 January [year]","author":"Simoncini","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05527-0","article-title":"Gender issues in academic hospital medicine: a national survey of hospitalist leaders","volume":"35","author":"Herzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.675","article-title":"Women in surgery Italia: national survey assessing gender-related challenges","volume":"233","author":"Parini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"313","article-title":"Gender equity in hospitals: an Italian case study","author":"Gravili","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2022.100149","article-title":"Status of women in neurosurgery: results from a National Survey in Italy","volume":"18","author":"Scerrati","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg X"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Trotula. La prima donna medico d\u2019Europa","author":"Greco","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Les Femmes ou les silences de l\u2019histoire","author":"Perrot","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Italian women in medicine: From Trotula to Maria Montessori","author":"Little","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Are young female doctors breaking through the glass ceiling in Italy","author":"Spina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cambio Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"La vie et le travail des femmes m\u00e9decins en Europe: facilit\u00e9s et obstacles","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Note sur deux lectures du f\u00e9minisme italien dans les ann\u00e9es 1970: Elvio Fachinelli et Franco Fortini","volume":"10","author":"Cavazzini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cah GRM"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1712773\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:24:52Z","timestamp":1772169892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1712773\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1712773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1712773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"article-number":"1712773"}}