{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:41:03Z","timestamp":1773679263547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of balanced jar therapy combined with the Flexible Corrective Appropriate Technology (FCAT) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized, single-blind study enrolled adolescents with AIS from October 2022 to September 2024. Participants were divided into control and observation groups. The control group received flexible bracing for at least 6 months, while the observation group received an additional 2-week course of balanced cupping therapy-including flash, kneading, pushing, retention, and removal cupping techniques. Primary outcomes, which include the reduction in Cobb angle and apical transverse rotation (ATR), were assessed at 3- and 6-months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes, including gait parameters, plantar pressure measures, spinal mobility, adverse events, and quality of life, were also evaluated at the same timepoints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The observation group demonstrated significantly greater reduction in Cobb angle (24.16 \u00b1 3.25 vs. 26.98 \u00b1 3.87,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007) and ATR (10.24 \u00b1 1.66 vs. 11.79 \u00b1 1.83,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003) at 3 months. The plantar pressure indices, particularly the center of pressure excursion index (CPEI), showed significantly greater improvement in the observation group (8.87 \u00b1 2.17 vs. 10.54 \u00b1 2.21,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020). Changes in apical vertebral rotation (AVR) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and the distance of the apical vertebral translation (AVT) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) were observed within the observation group, but between-group comparisons showed no statistical significance. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups for gait parameters and spinal mobility measurements (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). The combined treatment showed favorable safety (8.00% vs. 14.46%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.37) and significantly better quality of life outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Significant Group \u00d7 Time interactions were found for Cobb angle (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8.93,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.214) and CPEI (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12.56,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.287), surviving Bonferroni correction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to report the short-term effects of balanced jar therapy combined with the FCAT for AIS. The combined therapy was associated with significant improvement in several scoliosis indices, plantar pressure, and mental health, suggesting potential clinical benefit. However, clinical translation of this treatment modality needs to be optimized and validated in long-term studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1716190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:46:27Z","timestamp":1773675987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical study on the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by balanced jar therapy with flexible corrective appropriate technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honghu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Foshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.104B8.BJJ-2021-1638.R1","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of aetiological theories of a multifactorial disease","author":"Marya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.68","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04608-4","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Addai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.095","article-title":"Extent of depression in juvenile and adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis during treatment with braces","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596400","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1596400","article-title":"Management of adolescent scoliosis: a comprehensive review of etiology and rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-68","article-title":"Altered sensory-weighting mechanisms is observed in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Simoneau","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143124","article-title":"The vestibular-evoked postural response of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis is altered","volume":"10","author":"Pialasse","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211066824","article-title":"Timely revisit of proprioceptive deficits in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.08.002","article-title":"Expert consensus on surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Arima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228231208609","article-title":"Conservative treatments of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: physical therapists' perspectives","volume":"63","author":"Foley Davelaar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500373","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1500373","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine manual therapy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.08.007","article-title":"Update on evaluation and treatment of scoliosis","volume":"61","author":"El-Hawary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"379","article-title":"Results of SpineCor dynamic bracing for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"176","author":"Szwed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26822","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026822","article-title":"The effect of a flexible thoracolumbar brace on neuromuscular scoliosis: a prospective observational study","volume":"100","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711011548","article-title":"The role of correction in the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Orthop J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40945-022-00150-5","article-title":"Brace and physiotherapeutic scoliosis specific exercises (PSSE) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treatment: a prospective study following scoliosis research society (SRS) criteria","volume":"12","author":"Karavidas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Physiother."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-05000-y","article-title":"Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises performed immediately after spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30133-3","article-title":"Effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine combined therapy on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102145","article-title":"The effectiveness of different concepts of bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpb.0000271330.64234.db","article-title":"Effectiveness of the SpineCor brace based on the new standardized criteria proposed by the scoliosis research society for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Coillard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.01.020","article-title":"The effectiveness of the SpineCor brace for the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Comparison with the Boston brace","volume":"16","author":"Gutman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608509","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.608509","article-title":"Effect of pressures and durations of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996589","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.996589","article-title":"Effect of durations and pressures of cupping therapy on muscle stiffness of triceps","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-230336","article-title":"Efficacy of rehabilitation physiotherapy combined with brace correction in patients with mild to moderate scoliosis secondary to cerebral palsy","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06708-z","article-title":"Measurement properties of the spinal appearance questionnaire in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Malaquias","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004444","article-title":"Objective evaluation of neurogenic intermittent claudication for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis based on plantar pressure analysis","volume":"47","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249492","article-title":"The effectiveness of two different exercise approaches in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a single-blind, randomized-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Kocaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004446","article-title":"Early adherence to prescribed brace wear for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is associated with future brace wear","volume":"48","author":"Linden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/22104917231191800","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of soft braces on idiopathic scoliosis: a review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Karimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI210451","article-title":"Evaluation of plantar pressures and center of pressure trajectories in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"280","author":"Horng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979816","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.979816","article-title":"Trunk balance, head posture and plantar pressure in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081024","article-title":"The effects of short- and long-term spinal brace use with and without exercise on spine, balance, and gait in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"58","author":"Da Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2022.8467","article-title":"Stress level and quality of life of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis during brace treatment","volume":"68","author":"Pezham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54352","DOI":"10.12775\/QS.2024.22.54352","article-title":"Conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a narrative review of current evidence and implications for clinical practice","volume":"22","author":"B\u0142achnio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quality Sport."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2021.100179","article-title":"A smart point-of-care compliance monitoring solution for brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients","volume":"21","author":"Dehzangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1716190\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:46:29Z","timestamp":1773675989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1716190\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1716190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1716190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"article-number":"1716190"}}