{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:22:13Z","timestamp":1778080933788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects exocrine glands. It can be associated with a variety of systemic manifestations, including myositis. At present, data evaluating muscular inflammation in SjD is limited, and further investigation is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with SjD and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) muscular involvement (EMI) of at least six points in the muscular domain were recruited retrospectively from Hannover Medical School\u2019s SjD cohort after muscular inflammation was ascertained. Patients with SjD and EMI were characterised and compared with age- and sex-matched controls and with the entire SjD cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 26 of 492 SjD patients (5%) were diagnosed with EMI. The mean age of EMI onset was 56.4\u202fyears, the ratio between males and females was 12:14. Compared to SjD patients without EMI, SjD patients with EMI showed higher frequencies of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome-related Antigen A\/Ro(52) [SSA\/Ro(52)] antibodies (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and elevated levels of immunoglobulin G (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.022). Additionally, ESSDAI scores at initial diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and during follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003), and the number of immunosuppressive drugs taken over the course of treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), were significantly higher in SjD patients with EMI compared to those without muscular inflammation, as shown in the matched analysis, corroborated by the unmatched comparison.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EMI is a rare but severe manifestation of SjD, occurring simultaneously with sicca symptoms. Male sex, positive SSA\/Ro(52) antibodies, and high disease activity are more common in SjD patients with inflammatory myositis compared to those without muscular involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1720681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1778079199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Muscular involvement in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease is associated with male gender, Ro52 autoantibodies, and a higher clinical activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Gr\u00fcndges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Meinecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liane","family":"Gaedecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabea","family":"Seeliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz Felix","family":"Konen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Skripuletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Zehrfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-219942","article-title":"Henrik Sj\u00f6gren (1899-1986): the syndrome and his legacy","volume":"80","author":"Jonsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum 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