{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T20:03:24Z","timestamp":1769803404285,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate mortality prediction in emergency departments (ED) is crucial for timely intervention and resource allocation. This study developed and compared multiple machine learning models to predict in-hospital mortality among ED patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 1,389 ED patients admitted to Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University between January and December 2021. After excluding patients under 16\u202fyears and those transferred or discharged against medical advice, we collected demographic data, vital signs, and laboratory results within 30\u202fmin of ED arrival. Nine machine learning models including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Neural Network, AdaBoost, and an ensemble voting classifier were developed and compared using metrics including area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, and calibration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1,389 patients (mean age 67.72\u202f\u00b1\u202f19.28\u202fyears, 63.1% male), the mortality rate was 11.59%. LightGBM demonstrated the best performance with an AUROC of 0.9605 (95% CI: 0.94\u20130.98), sensitivity of 78.12%, and specificity of 93.90%. The ensemble voting classifier achieved comparable performance (AUROC: 0.9599). SHAP analysis identified serum lactate (importance: 0.252), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (0.085), albumin (0.075), base excess (BE) (0.061), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (0.049) as the top five predictive features. Calibration curves demonstrated excellent agreement between predicted and observed mortality rates, and decision curve analysis confirmed clinical utility across various threshold probabilities. Risk stratification based on predicted mortality probabilities effectively separated patients into prognostically distinct groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Machine learning models, particularly LightGBM, provide highly accurate mortality prediction for ED patients. The integration of readily available clinical and laboratory parameters enables early risk stratification and may facilitate targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1721101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:43:13Z","timestamp":1769755393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning-based mortality prediction models for emergency department patients: a comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University","place":["Kunshan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University","place":["Kunshan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University","place":["Kunshan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiupeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University","place":["Kunshan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University","place":["Kunshan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265559","article-title":"The use of early warning system scores in prehospital and emergency department settings to predict clinical deterioration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2021-211572","article-title":"Association between delays to patient admission from the emergency department and all-cause 30-day mortality","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0386","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000386","article-title":"The modified early warning score: a useful marker of neurological worsening but unreliable predictor of Sepsis in the Neurocritically ill-a retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Hester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20200074","article-title":"Use of the modified early warning score in intrahospital transfer of patients","volume":"32","author":"Monzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2438986","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.38986","article-title":"Early warning scores with and without artificial intelligence","volume":"7","author":"Edelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-news-concept","article-title":"The National Early Warning Score: from concept to NHS implementation","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704358","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.704358","article-title":"National Early Warning Score Does not Accurately Predict Mortality for patients with infection outside the intensive care unit: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2351-7","article-title":"Emergency department triage prediction of clinical outcomes using machine learning models","volume":"23","author":"Raita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2024.78.198-206","article-title":"Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in emergency medicine triage - 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