{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:35:49Z","timestamp":1787322949681,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and eclampsia, are common pregnancy complications that may have long-term consequences for offspring health. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between maternal hypertension and childhood asthma, though findings remain inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on the association between HDP and asthma risk in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE was conducted from database inception to 3 December 2024, restricted to peer-reviewed published studies. The eligibility criteria followed the PICOS framework. Observational studies (cohort, case\u2013control, cross-sectional) assessing the association between HDP and asthma in offspring were included. Effect measures were converted to odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and a meta-analysis was performed using random- and fixed-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed jointly with Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.10) and the\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic, and publication bias was examined through funnel plots and Egger\u2019s test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty studies encompassing over three million mother\u2013infant pairs were included. The pooled OR for asthma risk in offspring of mothers with HDP was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07\u20131.21), indicating a significant association. Subgroup analyses revealed a positive association with both preeclampsia (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.28) and gestational hypertension (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.36). Heterogeneity was high in some subgroups, such as gestational hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f92.6%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001), suggesting variability across studies. As a secondary outcome, the association between HDP and wheezing in the offspring was assessed. The pooled OR was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99\u20131.17), not reaching statistical significance, although positive trends were observed in some subtypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal HDP is associated with an approximately 14\u201320% increased risk of asthma in offspring, highlighting the need for targeted early-life monitoring and intervention strategies. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms and optimize maternal\u2013fetal health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IS: CRD420251000229.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1739697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:15:06Z","timestamp":1785244506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and risk of asthma in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Hu\u00e1nuco","place":["Hu\u00e1nuco, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital d'Olot i comarcal de la Garrotxa","place":["Olot, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Quispe-Vicu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n NEMECS: Neurociencias, Metabolismo, Efectividad Cl\u00ednica y Sanitaria, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul H.","family":"Sandoval-Ato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Antenor Orrego","place":["Piura, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Rodriguez-Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Antenor Orrego","place":["Piura, Peru"]},{"name":"Hospital de la Amistad Per\u00fa Corea Santa Rosa II-1","place":["Piura, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Yangali-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Responsabilidad Social, Universidad Anahuac","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana","family":"Rivera-Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n","place":["Chiclayo, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshuan J.","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n","place":["Chiclayo, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01070-0","article-title":"Hypertension during pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.126","article-title":"Epidemiology of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, predictors and prognosis","volume":"40","author":"Umesawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-01935-x","article-title":"The association between hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and childhood asthma","volume":"92","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child 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