{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:44:57Z","timestamp":1793213097619,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcomes of Montgomery T-tube placement in patients with benign subglottic stenosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 45 patients with benign subglottic stenosis treated with Montgomery T-tube placement at Beijing Tian Tan Hospital and Beijing Chuiyangliu Hospital between May 2015 and May 2025. The etiologies of tracheal stenosis were as follows: Iatrogenic in 41 patients (91.11%), including 29 patients (64.44%) with post-tracheotomy tracheal stenosis (PTTS) and 12 patients (26.67%) with post-intubation tracheal stenosis (PITS); post-traumatic in 1 patient (2.22%); post-tuberculosis in 2 patients (4.45%); and associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 1 patient (2.22%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 45 patients successfully underwent T-tube placement. Among them, 39 patients achieved sustained airway patency and restored phonatory function following T-tube insertion, defined as successful retention (39\/45, 86.67%). Six patients required tube removal within 2 weeks due to granulation tissue proliferation or mucus plug obstruction, defined as retention failure (6\/45, 13.33%). Intraoperative complications primarily included mucosal lacerations (12 cases, 26.67%), all of which healed spontaneously within 1 week postoperatively. Short-term postoperative complications mainly comprised subglottic edema (31 cases, 68.89%), mucus plug obstruction (24 cases, 53.33%), and granulation tissue proliferation (10 cases, 22.22%). At the end of follow-up, 14 of the 39 patients (35.9%) were successfully decannulated and achieved long-term airway stability. The cumulative median tube retention time was 20.5 months. Of the 39 patients, 25 (64.10%) continued to require long-term T-tube retention. Multivariate regression analysis further indicated that a higher Cotton\u2013Myer grade was independently associated with a significantly lower likelihood of successful decannulation (\n                      <jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.168, 95%CI: 0.031\u20130.920,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Montgomery T-tube placement is a safe and effective interventional treatment for benign subglottic tracheal stenosis. It provides durable airway patency and functional improvement, particularly when surgical reconstruction is not feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1741311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:11:05Z","timestamp":1771593065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy and long-term outcomes of montgomery T-tube placement in benign subglottic stenosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yishan","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chuiyangliu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2025.02.012","article-title":"Benign tracheal stenosis and subglottic stenosis","volume":"46","author":"Kapadia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112147-20220409-00298","article-title":"Clinical application and progress of airway stent in subglottic stenosis","volume":"45","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2023.04.018","article-title":"Laryngotracheal reconstruction for subglottic and tracheal stenosis","volume":"56","author":"Perryman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.02.049","article-title":"Montgomery T-tube placement in the treatment of benign tracheal lesions","volume":"36","author":"Carretta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.06.3804","article-title":"Management of central airway obstruction: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline","volume":"167","author":"Mahmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132804","article-title":"A proposed classification system of central airway stenosis","volume":"30","author":"Freitag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894231198756","article-title":"More than one way to put in a T-tube: a review of different techniques used in insertion of montgomery T-tubes","volume":"133","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.70068","article-title":"World association for bronchology and interventional pulmonology (WABIP) guidelines on airway stenting for benign central airway obstruction","volume":"30","author":"Chaddha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-436X.2016.21.009","article-title":"Treatment of benign subglottic stenosis: placement of Montgomery T-tube","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Respir."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300410","article-title":"3rd, O'Connor DM, Cotton RT. 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