{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T13:33:27Z","timestamp":1782567207431,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n To achieve this, we searched Chinese and English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Med Online, and VipInfo Chinese Journal Service Platform) up to September 2024. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 15.1, presenting continuous variables as standardized mean difference (SMD) and dichotomous variables as relative risk (RR), both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Cochrane tool assessed the risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty studies involving 1,737 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that compared to placebo, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced fasting glucose (SMD: \u22121.01,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.0002), 2-h postprandial glucose (SMD: \u22120.89,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.0002), insulin levels (SMD: \u22120.64,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.0001), and insulin resistance (SMD: \u22120.91,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.001). Furthermore, it was associated with lower incidences of cesarean delivery (RR: 0.68,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.0001), forceps-assisted delivery (RR: 0.44,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.02), preterm birth (RR: 0.28,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.0001), postpartum hemorrhage (RR: 0.27,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.01), fetal distress (RR: 0.17,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.004), neonatal asphyxia (RR: 0.22,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.006), macrosomia (RR: 0.34,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.001), and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (RR: 0.49,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.001). No significant differences were found for amniotic fluid excess (RR: 0.46,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.10) or pre-eclampsia (RR: 0.60,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.38).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Vitamin D supplementation may improve glucose metabolism and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity among studies and the methodological limitations of the included trials. These exploratory results highlight the need for further rigorous research to confirm the effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1743776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:29:41Z","timestamp":1770622181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism and pregnancy outcomes in GDM: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangli","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050.","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in pregnancy 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diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern Child Health Care China"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"71","article-title":"Clinical study on vitamin D supplementation and prevention of gestational diabetes","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes World"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"229","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kang Yi"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with diabetes and its impact on pregnancy outcome","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes New World"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with diabetes during pregnancy and its impact on pregnancy 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diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Changzhi Med Coll"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of vitamin D combined with perinatal care clinic nutrition in treating gestational diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Med J"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation in early pregnancy on women at high risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172672","article-title":"Deep insight of the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213006","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"14","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1734000","article-title":"Supplementation of vitamin D in the Postdelivery period of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"43","author":"Kron-Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.016","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and maternal-neonatal outcomes in women with established gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.07.002","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: an evidence analysis center systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195736","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus-recent literature review","volume":"11","author":"Modzelewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1743776\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:59:49Z","timestamp":1771927189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1743776\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1743776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1743776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"article-number":"1743776"}}