{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1774375608694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025J011393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J011393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025J011400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J011400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016808","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GZL-GG83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZL-GG83"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016808","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GZL-GG37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZL-GG37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for eye health is no longer limited to being visible, but more importantly, being able to see clearly. The aging population has led to increasing attention on presbyopia worldwide. Our study aims to reveal the prevalence and related factors of uncorrected presbyopia among urban and rural adults over 50 years of Fujian Province Southeast China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population-based cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of presbyopia among urban and rural adults over 50 years in more than 50 communities of Fujian Province Southeast China from May 2018 to October 2019. A total of 8,211 residents aged over 50 years underwent a questionnaire and a series related examinations. Presenting near visual acuity (PNVA) was measured using logarithmic visual acuity chart at a distance of 40 cm, and uncorrected presbyopia was defined as PNVA worse than N6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 8,033 residents included in this study, the prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia was 68.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5,509). Multivariable regression analysis identified older age, less educated, lower income, higher intraocular pressure (IOP), and higher spherical equivalent (SE) as factors independently associated with uncorrected presbyopia. In contrast, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), outdoor time, phone usage (including use in the dark), history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, tea consumption, and degree of urbanization showed no independent association after adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant burden of uncorrected presbyopia in southeast China, which suggested more investment in accessible services and policy to enhance eye health especially on less educated and low income elderly with high IOP and refractive error. Although age is a significant correlate, its value in discriminating presbyopia in an individual is modest at best within this age-homogeneous population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1745527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1772169856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of uncorrected presbyopia among adults in cross-sectional Fujian Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinrui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Municipal Key Laboratory of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengqi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Science and Technology Middle School","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210408-06","article-title":"4th, Rocha KM","volume":"37","author":"Mercer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future trends in presbyopia correction. J Refract Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1148_21","article-title":"Prevalence of presbyopia, spectacles coverage and barriers for unmet need among adult population of rural Jhajjar, Haryana","volume":"11","author":"Malhotra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Bourne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling","volume":"125","author":"Fricke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.25259\/IHOPEJO_15_2021","article-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.030","article-title":"Population-based study of presbyopia in rural Tanzania","volume":"113","author":"Burke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2003000200022","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de defifici\u00eancia visual de perto e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional","volume":"19","author":"Duarte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1192","article-title":"A populationbased assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study","volume":"47","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.110502","article-title":"Correction of refractive error and presbyopia in Timor-Leste","volume":"91","author":"Ramke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311073","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of presbyopia in urban Southern China","volume":"10211","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6569","article-title":"Presbyopia and near-vision impairment in rural northern China","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.12.1731","article-title":"Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia","volume":"126","author":"Holden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0552-x","article-title":"Prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study","volume":"17","author":"Thapa","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010804","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.010804","article-title":"The national and subnational prevalence of cataract and cataract blindness in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.22608\/APO.2017251","article-title":"Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.005","article-title":"The decreasing prevalence of nonrefractive visual impairment in older Europeans: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data","volume":"125","author":"Delcourt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Annual data by province. National data"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02346-6","article-title":"The Fujian eye cross sectional study: objectives, design, and general characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102155","article-title":"Presbyopia: definitions","volume":"47","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.006","article-title":"Influence of distance and near visual impairment on self-reported near visual functioning in a multinational study","volume":"128","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.012","article-title":"Presbyopia and ocular conditions causing near vision impairment in older adults from the Brazilian Amazon Region","volume":"196","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.09.004","article-title":"Presbyopia: Effectiveness of correction strategies","volume":"68","author":"Wolffsohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.019","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, and impact of uncorrected presbyopia in a multiethnic Asian population","volume":"168","author":"Kidd Man","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.239","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 and O3 and their combined effects on prevalence of presbyopia among the elderly: a cross-sectional study in six low- and middle-income countries","volume":"655","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.01.026","article-title":"Prevalence and correction of near vision impairment at seven sites in China, India, Nepal, Niger, South Africa, and the United States","volume":"154","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303249","article-title":"Economic inequality in presenting near vision acuity in a middle-aged population: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition","volume":"97","author":"Emamian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.01.020","article-title":"Progression of near vision loss and incidence of near vision impairment in an adult Chinese population","volume":"124","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2024.102191","article-title":"presbyopia: Management with scleral techniques, lens softening, pharmaceutical and nutritional therapies","volume":"47","author":"Naroo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2088797","article-title":"A review of lens biomechanical contributions to presbyopia","volume":"48","author":"Rich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14160","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14160","article-title":"Aging and intraocular pressure homeostasis in mice","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01363-3","article-title":"Assessing accommodative presbyopic biometric changes of the entire anterior segment using single swept-source OCT image acquisitions","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010035","article-title":"Improvement of presbyopia, dry eye, intraocular pressure, and near vision through cassiae tea consumption","volume":"61","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.317","article-title":"Medscape. Prevalence and associations of presenting near-vision impairment in the Australian National Eye Health Survey","volume":"32","author":"Keel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"855","article-title":"The prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in a rural population in the north of Iran","volume":"44","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-024-01130-x","article-title":"Improvements in visual function early after cataract surgery in eyes implanted with multifocal intraocular lenses","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01190-7","article-title":"Binocular visual function in middle-aged patients with unilateral cataract: multifocal versus enhanced monofocal intraocular lens","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-025-01245-9","article-title":"Age-related difference in the presbyopiacorrecting effect of trifocal and enhanced monofocal intraocular lenses","author":"Hayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1745527\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:24:18Z","timestamp":1772169858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1745527\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1745527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1745527","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"article-number":"1745527"}}