{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:07:41Z","timestamp":1771308461463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paravertebral block (PVB) and thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) are commonly used methods for pain relief after open chest surgery. However, due to their different characteristics, there are still controversies regarding the analgesic effect and safety of these two methods after chest surgery. This report represents the latest meta-analysis on this topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and identified randomized controlled trials on the use of paravertebral block and thoracic epidural analgesia after thoracic surgery. Two researchers independently screened the identified studies. The efficacy and safety of the two different analgesic methods were compared and analyzed. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software. This study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251208232).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-five trials were included. Compared with paravertebral block (PVB), thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) provided significantly lower pain scores at 24 h postoperatively (Resting: MD 0.41,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03; Movement: MD 0.40,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03). However, no significant differences were observed at 48 h. PVB was associated with a significantly lower risk of complications, including hypotension (OR 0.13,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.00001), postoperative nausea and vomiting (OR 0.38,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0004), and urinary retention (OR 0.23,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001). Pulmonary complication rates were comparable between groups (OR 0.61,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.06).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While TEA demonstrated slightly superior resting and movement pain control at the 24-h, these differences were no longer significant by 48 h. Most notably, PVB was associated with a significantly lower risk of hypotension, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and urinary retention. Overall, PVB is a safer and equally effective alternative to TEA for thoracic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1747430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:18:37Z","timestamp":1771305517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the efficacy and safety of thoracic epidural and paravertebral block in postoperative analgesia after thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xinli","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zanwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longmei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Weifang People\u2019s Hospital, Weifang","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ivad003","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivad003","article-title":"Acute pain management after thoracoscopic lung resection: a systematic review and explorative meta-analysis.","volume":"36","author":"Spaans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000333274.63501.ff","article-title":"A systematic review of randomized trials evaluating regional techniques for postthoracotomy analgesia.","volume":"107","author":"Joshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010038","article-title":"Recent advances in perioperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a narrative review.","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01383-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of thoracic epidural vs. paravertebral block for analgesia in thoracotomy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"29","author":"Eaves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.10.003","article-title":"Paravertebral block for thoracic surgery.","volume":"32","author":"D\u2019Ercole","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02460-6","article-title":"Analgesic effect of the ultrasound-guided thoracolumbar paravertebral block in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael020","article-title":"A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","volume":"96","author":"Davies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722314","article-title":"Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural analgesia for postthoracotomy pain relief: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13771","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013771","article-title":"The efficacy of thoracic paravertebral block for thoracoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70118-2","article-title":"Continuous paravertebral extrapleural infusion for post-thoracotomy pain management.","volume":"126","author":"Bimston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021506001104","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, blinded comparison between continuous thoracic paravertebral and epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine after lung resection surgery.","volume":"23","author":"Casati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1053\/jcan.2001.23271","article-title":"Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural and paravertebral blocks for postoperative analgesia after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery.","volume":"15","author":"Dhole","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2011.09.003","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind trial comparing continuous thoracic epidural bupivacaine with and without opioid in contrast to a continuous paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain.","volume":"26","author":"Grider","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.05.057","article-title":"A comparison of epidural and paravertebral catheterisation techniques in post-thoracotomy pain management.","volume":"37","author":"Gulbahar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01403-4","article-title":"A comparison of analgesia after a thoracoscopic lung cancer operation with a sustained epidural block and a sustained paravertebral block: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)00851-X","article-title":"Prospective, randomized comparison of extrapleural versus epidural analgesia for postthoracotomy pain.","volume":"66","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e32834f04f4","article-title":"Subpleural block is less effective than thoracic epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain: a randomised controlled study.","volume":"29","author":"Kanazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6587-9","article-title":"Paravertebral catheter versus EPidural analgesia in Minimally invasive Esophageal resectioN: a randomized controlled multicenter trial (PEPMEN trial).","volume":"20","author":"Kingma","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-012-0546-z","article-title":"Paravertebral block via the surgical field versus epidural block for patients undergoing thoracotomy: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"43","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Today."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.5603\/AIT.2016.0059","article-title":"Comparison of continuous epidural block and continuous paravertebral block in postoperative analgaesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy: a randomised, non-inferiority trial.","volume":"48","author":"Kosi\u0144ski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.20-00283","article-title":"Continuous paravertebral analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"27","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.01.063","article-title":"Thoracic epidural versus intercostal nerve catheter plus patient-controlled analgesia: a randomized study.","volume":"79","author":"Luketich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/62.2.204","article-title":"Comparison of continuous paravertebral and extradural infusions of bupivacaine for pain relief after thoracotomy.","volume":"62","author":"Metthews","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.41576","article-title":"Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural and paravertebral block for postoperative analgesia after robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery.","volume":"11","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"616","article-title":"A comparison of epidural vs. paravertebral blockade in thoracic surgery.","volume":"75","author":"Messina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.73511","article-title":"Analgesia in post-thoracotomy patients: comparison between thoracic epidural and thoracic paravertebral blocks.","volume":"4","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-015-2001-8","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided continuous thoracic paravertebral block provides comparable analgesia and fewer episodes of hypotension than continuous epidural block after lung surgery.","volume":"29","author":"Okajima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5505\/agri.2015.22043","article-title":"Torakotomi sonras\u0131 postoperatif a\u011fr\u0131 kontrol\u00fcnde torakal epidural ve paravertebral blo\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 [Comparison of thoracic epidural and paravertebral analgesia for postoperative pain control after thoracotomy].","volume":"28","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agri."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/75.5.541","article-title":"Extradural, paravertebral and intercostal nerve blocks for post-thoracotomy pain.","volume":"75","author":"Perttunen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182176f42","article-title":"Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural with paravertebral block on perioperative analgesia and hemodynamic stability in patients having open lung surgery.","volume":"36","author":"Pintaric","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2013.09.024","article-title":"Analgesia in patients undergoing thoracotomy: epidural versus paravertebral technique. A randomized, double-blind, prospective study.","volume":"147","author":"Raveglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/83.3.387","article-title":"A prospective, randomized comparison of preoperative and continuous balanced epidural or paravertebral bupivacaine on post-thoracotomy pain, pulmonary function and stress responses.","volume":"83","author":"Richardson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5114\/kitp.2013.36135","article-title":"The efficacy of thoracic epidural and paravertebral blocks for post-thoracotomy pain management.","volume":"10","author":"Sagiroglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polish J Cardio Thoracic Surg (Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska)."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000422","article-title":"Epidural versus paravertebral nerve block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open liver resection: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"41","author":"Schreiber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-024-02877-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the analgesic effects of intercostal nerve block, ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block, and epidural block following single-port thoracoscopic lung surgery.","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1668496","article-title":"Bilateral paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural analgesia for pain control post-cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"68","author":"El Shora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2016.11.005","article-title":"Comparison between continuous thoracic epidural block and continuous thoracic paravertebral block in the management of thoracic trauma.","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.1899","article-title":"Intercostal or paravertebral block vs thoracic epidural in lung surgery: a randomized noninferiority trial.","volume":"160","author":"Spaans","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2023.v16i5.47085","article-title":"Comparison between thoracic epidural and paravertebral block technique for postoperative analgesia in thoracotomy.","volume":"16","author":"Mantha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Clin Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-017-2307-5","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing paravertebral block via the surgical field with thoracic epidural block using ropivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain relief.","volume":"31","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anesth."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.47717\/turkjsurg.2021.5053","article-title":"The comparison of analgesic efficacy between ultrasound-guided continuous thoracic paravertebral block and continuous thoracic epidural block using bupivacaine - fentanyl in patients undergoing lung surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"37","author":"Thanh Trung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk J Surg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.07.038","article-title":"Paravertebral vs epidural anesthesia for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized trial.","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Efficacy of ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block compared with the epidural analgesia in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.","volume":"64","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Masui."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"340","article-title":"Comparison between epidural and paravertebral intercostal nerve block with ropivacaine after thoracotomy: effects on pain relief, pulmonary function and patient satisfaction.","volume":"40","author":"De Cosmo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Med Rom."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.12.004","article-title":"Practice advisory for postoperative pain management of thoracic surgical patients: a report from the society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists.","volume":"39","author":"Makkad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_39_17","article-title":"Pain relief following thoracic surgical procedures: a literature review of the uncommon techniques.","volume":"11","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006532","article-title":"Thoracic epidural anesthesia in cardiac surgery: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"137","author":"Chiew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199011000-00015","article-title":"High thoracic segmental epidural anesthesia diminishes sympathetic outflow to the legs, despite restriction of sensory blockade to the upper thorax.","volume":"73","author":"Hopf","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S193925","article-title":"Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension is caused by a decrease in stroke volume in elderly patients.","volume":"12","author":"Hofhuizen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14139","article-title":"Spinal cord injury arising in anaesthesia practice.","volume":"73","author":"Hewson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054665","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and complications related to neuraxial anaesthesia procedures: a systematic review.","volume":"24","author":"Pozza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.10.029","article-title":"Effect of the paravertebral block on chronic postsurgical pain after thoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"37","author":"Na","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03589-x","article-title":"Impact of video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open thoracotomy on postoperative wound infections in lung cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.5228","article-title":"Effectiveness of surgeon-performed paravertebral block analgesia for minimally invasive thoracic surgery: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"158","author":"Chenesseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000763","article-title":"Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine evidence-based guidelines (fourth edition).","volume":"43","author":"Horlocker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101402","article-title":"Complication rate of ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for breast surgery.","volume":"45","author":"Niesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009121","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009121.pub2","article-title":"Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy.","volume":"2","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1747430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:18:39Z","timestamp":1771305519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1747430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1747430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1747430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"article-number":"1747430"}}