{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:47:33Z","timestamp":1779904053712,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early-life exposures and interventions establish essential pathways which determine children\u2019s development across respiratory, allergic, and growth pathways. The scientists conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which combined multiple studies to examine how nutritional interventions and viral prophylaxis and probiotics and environmental exposures and allergen exposures and clinical factors in infants affect asthma and wheeze and atopy and growth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The research team examined 51 studies which they categorized into eight different research areas. The researchers conducted random effects meta-analyses with inverse variance method to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) which included 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The researchers used I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics to measure heterogeneity while they used funnel plots and Egger\u2019s test to assess publication bias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The nutritional interventions during pregnancy (OR\u202f=\u202f0.89, 95% CI: 0.74\u20131.07,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f68%) and early probiotics\/microbiota modulation (OR\u202f=\u202f1.10, 95% CI: 0.84\u20131.43,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f96%) failed to show any significant results. The combination of viral prophylaxis with maternal influenza vaccination protected against wheeze and asthma and LRTI development (OR\u202f=\u202f0.78, 95% CI: 0.72\u20130.85,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f68%). The presence of early-life respiratory viral infections raised the likelihood of developing wheeze and asthma (OR\u202f=\u202f1.59, 95% CI: 1.39\u20131.82,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f90%) which accompanied allergen\/atopy exposures (OR\u202f=\u202f1.40, 95% CI: 1.30\u20131.50) and environmental exposures (OR\u202f=\u202f1.34, 95% CI: 1.27\u20131.42) and infant clinical factors (OR\u202f=\u202f1.29, 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.46,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f82%). The long-term cohort studies established that early-life risk factors maintain a consistent impact on the development of asthma and allergic conditions (OR\u202f=\u202f1.41, 95% CI: 1.35\u20131.48). The studies on viral prophylaxis and respiratory infections and allergen exposure demonstrated evidence of publication bias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research shows that early-life exposure to viral infections and allergens and environmental pollutants and infant clinical factors establishes strong links to the development of respiratory disorders and allergic diseases in children. The nutritional and probiotic treatments produced restricted and unstable results which demonstrate the requirement for specific preventive methods that should be implemented during early life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1751843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:36:10Z","timestamp":1771223770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between early-life respiratory infections and childhood asthma: a meta-analytic perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Pediatrics, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture","place":["Enshi, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S628","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz311","article-title":"Association between respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory infection in early life and recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S297","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201402-086AW","article-title":"Pulmonary immunity during respiratory infections in early life and the development of severe asthma","volume":"11","author":"Hansbro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30449-1","article-title":"Bacterial and viral respiratory tract microbiota and host characteristics in children with lower respiratory tract infections: a matched case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Man","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.738","article-title":"Effect of infection control measures on the frequency of upper respiratory infection in child care: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0123-z","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for preventing respiratory infections in children: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00811-5","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection during infancy and asthma during childhood in the USA (INSPIRE): a population-based, prospective birth cohort study","volume":"401","author":"Rosas-Salazar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9705031","article-title":"Epidemiological association of airway inflammation with asthma symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness in childhood","volume":"158","author":"Gibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00058601","article-title":"Markers of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with well-controlled asthma","volume":"18","author":"Leuppi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Identifying the impact of early-life lower respiratory tract infections on the development of preschool asthma and atopic disease in the CHILD study","author":"Medeleanu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78693","DOI":"10.2196\/78693","article-title":"The clinical registry of childhood asthma (CRCA) elucidating early-life asthma: cross-sectional analysis of a prospective, longitudinal, and digitally enhanced real-world cohort","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103530","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103530","article-title":"Innovative steroid treatment to reduce asthma development in children after first-time rhinovirus-induced wheezing (INSTAR): protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Elvebakk","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01078-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of an antioxidant-rich diet on childhood asthma outcomes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Songnuy","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v66.8842","article-title":"Supplementation with long chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy, lactation, or infancy in relation to risk of asthma and atopic disease during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"66","author":"B\u00e4rebring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0982","article-title":"Effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on subsequent recurrent wheezing in preterm infants","volume":"132","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.03.001","article-title":"Long term follow-up of Palivizumab administration in children born at 29\u201332 weeks of gestation","volume":"150","author":"Bar-Yoseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.531","article-title":"Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. The IMpact-RSV study group","volume":"102","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.10.003","article-title":"Prenatal vitamin D supplementation to prevent childhood asthma: 15-year results from the vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial (VDAART)","volume":"153","author":"Weiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6471","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"347","author":"Azad","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1915082","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and the prevention of childhood asthma","volume":"382","author":"Mutius","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.06.037","article-title":"Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma","volume":"128","author":"Guilbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0188OC","article-title":"Lung function in African infants in the Drakenstein child health study. Impact of lower respiratory tract illness","volume":"195","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210149","article-title":"A population-based prospective cohort study examining the influence of early-life respiratory tract infections on school-age lung function and asthma","volume":"73","author":"Van Meel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(18)30100-0","article-title":"Childhood predictors of lung function trajectories and future COPD risk: a prospective cohort study from the first to the sixth decade of life","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.02.024","article-title":"Association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type","volume":"136","author":"B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004034","article-title":"Respiratory infections in preterm infants and subsequent asthma: a cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Montgomery","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.009","article-title":"Risk of childhood asthma following infant bronchiolitis during the respiratory syncytial virus season","volume":"132","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.07.004","article-title":"Cohort study of severe bronchiolitis during infancy and risk of asthma by age 5 years","volume":"5","author":"Balekian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3060","article-title":"Pneumonia in childhood and impaired lung function in adults: a longitudinal study","volume":"135","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02021.x","article-title":"The effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of eczema (the PandA study)","volume":"64","author":"Niers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1086\/528685","article-title":"Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children","volume":"46","author":"Chonmaitree","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000101","article-title":"The evolution of the hygiene hypothesis: the role of early-life exposures to viruses and microbes and their relationship to asthma and allergic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Daley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e38","article-title":"Early respiratory infections and childhood asthma","volume":"106","author":"Nafstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c4978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4978","article-title":"Association of bacteria and viruses with wheezy episodes in young children: prospective birth cohort study","volume":"341","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800927","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and lactation and infant growth","volume":"379","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1211917","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus and recurrent wheeze in healthy preterm infants","volume":"368","author":"Blanken","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401480","article-title":"Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants","volume":"371","author":"Madhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix497","article-title":"Efficacy of maternal influenza vaccination against all-cause lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations in young infants: results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30055-9","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus prevention and asthma in healthy preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Scheltema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30479-5","article-title":"Efficacy, duration of protection, birth outcomes, and infant growth associated with influenza vaccination in pregnancy: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.02.006","article-title":"The vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial (VDAART): rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of asthma and allergies in children","volume":"38","author":"Litonjua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.02.032","article-title":"Palivizumab prophylaxis, respiratory syncytial virus, and subsequent recurrent wheezing","volume":"151","author":"Simoes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e318220a553","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of motavizumab versus palivizumab for the prophylaxis of serious respiratory syncytial virus disease in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease","volume":"70","author":"Feltes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2216162-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16162","article-title":"Effect of point-of-care testing for respiratory pathogens on antibiotic use in children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Mattila","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20163000","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3000","article-title":"Early probiotic supplementation for eczema and asthma prevention: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"140","author":"Cabana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.01.007","article-title":"Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)04259-8","article-title":"Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"Kalliom\u00e4ki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307ra152-307ra152","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2271","article-title":"Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma","volume":"7","author":"Arrieta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30052-7","article-title":"Decreasing antibiotic use, the gut microbiota, and asthma incidence in children: evidence from population-based and prospective cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Patrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11884","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911884","article-title":"Home environment in early-life and lifestyle factors associated with asthma and allergic diseases among inner-city children from the REPRO_PL birth cohort","volume":"19","author":"Kapszewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.012","article-title":"Respiratory illnesses in early life and asthma and atopy in childhood","volume":"119","author":"Ramsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac210","article-title":"Asthma and respiratory infections from birth to young adulthood: the Espoo cohort study","volume":"192","author":"Belachew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(14)70152-3","article-title":"Maternal propensity for infections and risk of childhood asthma: a registry-based cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Stokholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0660OC","article-title":"Evidence for a causal relationship between allergic sensitization and rhinovirus wheezing in early life","volume":"185","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1590","article-title":"Confirmed moisture damage at home, respiratory symptoms and atopy in early life: a birth-cohort study","volume":"124","author":"Karvonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003222","article-title":"Formaldehyde exposure and lower respiratory infections in infants: findings from the PARIS cohort study","volume":"119","author":"Roda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-916oc","article-title":"Early-life allergen exposure and atopy, asthma, and wheeze up to 6 years of age","volume":"176","author":"Torrent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(00)02842-7","article-title":"Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study","volume":"356","author":"Lau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69286-6","article-title":"Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study","volume":"368","author":"Illi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.02.021","article-title":"The severity-dependent relationship of infant bronchiolitis on the risk and morbidity of early childhood asthma","volume":"123","author":"Carroll","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61447-6","article-title":"Wheezing and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in early childhood as predictors of newly diagnosed asthma in early adulthood: a longitudinal birth-cohort study","volume":"372","author":"Stern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.07.012","article-title":"Modes of infant feeding and the risk of childhood asthma: a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"190","author":"Klopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099856","article-title":"Cord blood 25 (OH)-vitamin D deficiency and childhood asthma, allergy and eczema: the COPSAC2000 birth cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chawes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.01.780","article-title":"Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life","volume":"113","author":"De Marco","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.035","article-title":"Early-life determinants of asthma from birth to age 20 years: a German birth cohort study","volume":"133","author":"Grabenhenrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.05.039","article-title":"Early-life risk factors and incidence of rhinitis: results from the European Community respiratory health study\u2014an international population-based cohort study","volume":"128","author":"Matheson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g6979","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6979","article-title":"Antibiotics in fetal and early life and subsequent childhood asthma: nationwide population based study with sibling analysis","volume":"349","author":"\u00d6rtqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.119151","article-title":"Early life risk factors for adult asthma: a birth cohort study of subjects at risk","volume":"108","author":"Rhodes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.018","article-title":"Toward improved prediction of risk for atopy and asthma among preschoolers: a prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"Holt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14857","article-title":"Prevalence and early-life risk factors of school-age allergic multimorbidity: the EuroPrevall-iFAAM birth cohort","volume":"76","author":"Sigurdardottir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.669","article-title":"Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma","volume":"119","author":"Kusel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.121016","article-title":"Early exposure to infections and antibiotics and the incidence of allergic disease: a birth cohort study with the west midlands general practice research database","volume":"109","author":"McKeever","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6662","article-title":"Early-life environmental risk factors for asthma: findings from the children's health study","volume":"112","author":"Salam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102395","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021","article-title":"Early-life respiratory tract infections and the risk of school-age lower lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 150 000 European children","volume":"60","author":"Van Meel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"11","article-title":"Early-life respiratory infections are pivotal in the progression of asthma-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043956","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043956","article-title":"Association between early bronchiolitis and the development of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.03.032","article-title":"The association of early life viral respiratory illness and atopy on asthma in children: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013034","article-title":"Association between rhinovirus wheezing illness and the development of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1503734","article-title":"Fish oil\u2013derived fatty acids in pregnancy and wheeze and asthma in offspring","volume":"375","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00913-2019","article-title":"Early life exposure to air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema","volume":"55","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205281","article-title":"Early-life exposure to outdoor air pollution and respiratory health, ear infections, and eczema in infants from the INMA study","volume":"121","author":"Aguilera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.1.60","article-title":"The relationship between birth weight and childhood asthma: a population-based cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Sin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(15)00426-9","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and development of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis throughout childhood and adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Gehring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306755","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory infections during early childhood: an analysis of 10 European birth cohorts within the ESCAPE project","volume":"122","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1751843\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T11:27:39Z","timestamp":1771932459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1751843\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1751843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1751843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"article-number":"1751843"}}