{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:46:14Z","timestamp":1772556374225,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Hypertension are modifiable risk factors for premature mortality globally, with well-documented associations with retinal microvascular damage. Macular retinal thickness serves as a core quantitative indicator of macular structural integrity and ocular disease progression. However, existing studies primarily focus on retinal nerve layers in clinical populations, lacking investigations into full retinal thickness (RT) across all macular orientations in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly individuals. This cross-sectional study aimed to measure RT in all macular regions using optical coherence tomography and identify hypertension as a key risk factor for retinal thickness abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants aged \u226540\u202fyears were recruited from community physical examinations between January and December 2020. After excluding ineligible participants, 1,522 participants (2,977 eyes) were included. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and ocular indicators (blood pressure and RT via iVue OCT using the ETDRS grid) were collected. Statistical analyses included-independent samples t-test, chi-square test, linear regression, and logistics regression (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 for significance).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 70.04\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.740\u202fyears (55.0% female), with 49.8% diagnosed with hypertension and 8.2% diagnosed with COPD. Age was associated with retinal thickness thinning in all regions except the central area (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Stratification by hypertension status revealed no association between COPD and retinal thickness across any regions in the hypertensive subgroup, whereas in the non-hypertensive subgroup, COPD was significantly linked to thinning in the central, inner nasal, inferior outer, and outer nasal regions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). History of hypertension was a risk factor for thinning in the temporal inner and superior outer regions (OR\u202f=\u202f1.249, 95%CI:1.030\u20131.514; OR\u202f=\u202f1.325, 95%CI:1.092\u20131.608). Diastolic blood pressure was positively correlated with inner retinal thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.186\u20130.202,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), while systolic blood pressure had no significant effect. In hypertensive participants on medication, DBP\u2019s positive correlation was limited to the superior inner region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COPD and hypertension are independent risk factors for changes in retinal thickness, with heterogeneous effects across different retinal regions. DBP, but not SBP, independently correlates with inner retinal thickness, and antihypertensive therapy mitigates this effect to specific regions. These findings provide new insights for community ocular screening and retinal protection in hypertensive patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1752515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:31:32Z","timestamp":1772548292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of factors influencing retinal thickness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in a community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Donghui","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengda","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meijiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center","place":["Shanghai, 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