{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T06:10:39Z","timestamp":1771827039449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia is a global public health concern and a leading cause of distance vision impairment, affecting mainly children and young adults. Although several studies have reported myopia prevalence in Mexico, recent nationwide data, especially regarding high myopia, are lacking following the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated the prevalence and distribution of low and high myopia in a cohort of Mexican outpatients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective, cross-sectional, clinic-based study was conducted using anonymized electronic health records from Salud Digna clinics. Data included individuals aged 6\u2013100\u202fyears undergoing routine non-cycloplegic eye examinations between January and December 2023. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER)\u202f\u2264\u202f\u22120.50 diopters (D) in the right eye and subclassified into low (\u22126.0 D\u202f&amp;lt;\u202fSER\u202f\u2264\u202f\u22120.50 D) or high (SER\u202f\u2264\u202f\u22126.0 D). Age-standardized prevalence rates were estimated overall and by sex and geographic location. Multinomial logistic regression evaluated potential risk between demographic\/clinical background and myopia severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 3,507,826 records, 1,337,526 (38.13%) individuals were myopic (median age: 28\u202fyears; 61.4% females). Age-standardized rates for total, low, and high myopia were 44.44% (95% CI, 44.36\u201344.52%), 43.31% (95% CI, 43.24\u201343.39%), and 1.12% (95% CI, 1.11\u20131.14%), respectively. Low myopia was more prevalent in males, whereas high myopia predominated in females (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Both forms were most prevalent in individuals \u2264 10 through 31\u201340\u202fyears, peaking at 64.65 and 1.75% in the 21\u201330 age group. The Central region, specifically Mexico City, State of Mexico, Puebla, and Tlaxcala, had the highest prevalence of low and high myopia. Mild, moderate, and severe astigmatism significantly increased the myopia risk: 3-, 8-, and 11-fold for low myopia and 5-, 33-, and 100-fold for high myopia (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Male sex, diabetes, and high blood pressure were associated with a lower risk (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astigmatism was a risk factor for myopia, with increasing severity raising the risk of developing both forms of myopia. Although high myopia remains relatively uncommon nationally, its increasing prevalence from childhood to early adulthood highlights the need for early detection and close monitoring to mitigate future visual impairment in Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1753396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:27:49Z","timestamp":1771824469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and distribution of low and high myopia in Mexican outpatients: a nationwide cross-sectional clinic-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Liz\u00e1rraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Romero-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Espinoza-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Machado-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Luna-Ruiz-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"G\u00f3mez-Campa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"River\u00f3n-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00e9tica de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Nasser-Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Visi\u00f3n Cirug\u00eda Ambulatoria S.C.","place":["Monterrey, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Campos-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Alc\u00e1ntar-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna","place":["Culiacan, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"World report on 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