{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:55:10Z","timestamp":1792043710356,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a key treatment for many cardiothoracic issues, but intraoperative factors can lead to acute postoperative pain (APSP), impacting recovery and quality of life. While multimodal analgesic methods are used, they have notable side effects. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offers a non-invasive pain relief option by stimulating the primary motor cortex (M1), effective in chronic pain management. However, its role in preventing and treating APSP after VATS needs confirmation through high-quality clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-center, prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, a total of 260 patients slated for VATS will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either an active rTMS group or a sham rTMS group. Both groups will receive a 20-min intervention at two specified time points: (1) the afternoon before the surgery while in the ward, and (2) 30 min before the surgical procedure on the day of the operation. The primary outcome measure is the incidence of moderate-to-severe pain at 24 h following surgery. Secondary outcome measures encompass pain scores at rest and during movement at specified time points (T1: 2 h, T2: 6 h, T3: 12 h, T4: 24 h, T5: 48 h, T6: 90 days postoperatively), total consumption of rescue analgesics, quantified in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) within the initial 48 h, time to first request for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), extubation duration, length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score at 24 and 48 h postoperatively. All outcomes will be assessed utilizing validated instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APSP remains a significant clinical issue, affecting patient outcomes and quality of life. rTMS, a promising non-invasive technique, has shown potential in treating mental disorders, neurological conditions, and chronic pain. This study aims to provide strong evidence on the effectiveness of rTMS in reducing acute pain after VATS, potentially enhancing multimodal postoperative pain management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      [\n                      <jats:ext-link>http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ], identifier [ChiCTR2500111517].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1756881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:51:28Z","timestamp":1773903088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on postoperative pain in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: study protocol for a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Hospital of Jiaxing","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Hospital of Jiaxing","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Hospital of Jiaxing","place":["Jiaxing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S550595","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided paravertebral block reduces opioid consumption and accelerates recovery after thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/thbq1793","article-title":"Impact of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus open lobectomy for lung cancer on recovery assessed using self-reported physical function: VIOLET RCT.","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ezac122","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezac122","article-title":"Treatment and intention-to-treat propensity score analysis to evaluate the impact of video-assisted thoracic surgery on 90-day mortality after anatomical resection for lung cancer.","volume":"62","author":"Recuero-D\u00edaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7033","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S531414","article-title":"The effects of low-dose esketamine combined with paravertebral block on postoperative hyperalgesia and enhanced recovery in non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S532122","article-title":"Thoracic paravertebral block with liposomal bupivacaine versus plain bupivacaine in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung resection: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.1899","article-title":"Intercostal or paravertebral block vs thoracic epidural in lung surgery: a randomized noninferiority trial.","volume":"160","author":"Spaans","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16651","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of continuous erector spinae plane block vs. opioid-based regimen for postoperative pain management following video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection: a prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.","volume":"80","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3773","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.09.112","article-title":"Pain management within an enhanced recovery program after thoracic surgery.","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.05.050","article-title":"Pain management in an enhanced recovery pathway after thoracic surgical procedures.","volume":"102","author":"Mehran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thoracic Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111685","article-title":"Comparison between thoracic epidural analgesia VS patient controlled analgesia on chronic postoperative pain after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study.","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000005625","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block versus intercostal nerve blocks in uniportal videoscopic-assisted thoracic surgery: a multicenter, double-blind, prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"143","author":"Coppens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002165","article-title":"Comparison of thoracoscopic-guided intercostal nerve block and ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block in postoperative analgesia of uniportal video-assisted lobectomy: a pilot randomized controlled trial.","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4485","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S476929","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone as adjuvants to the local anesthetic mixture in rhomboid intercostal and sub-serratus block for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S513287","article-title":"Comparing liposomal bupivacaine and ropivacaine in serratus anterior plane block for thoracoscopic lobectomy: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.S449705","article-title":"Effect of S-Ketamine on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"18","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/eja.0000000000001921","article-title":"Epidural analgesia versus oral morphine for postoperative pain management following video-assisted thoracic surgery: a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial.","volume":"41","author":"Holm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102079","article-title":"The effects of rTMS on self-reported quality of life in younger and older adults with major depressive disorder.","volume":"55","author":"G\u00f6ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71242","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71242","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac major surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01745-2","article-title":"Effects of 10-Hz rTMS over the leg motor cortex using a double-cone coil on lower limb motor recovery in subacute stroke: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled study.","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01738-1","article-title":"Effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on cognition and glymphatic system activity in mild cognitive impairment and very mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70605","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70605","article-title":"Clinical effect on cortical reactivity of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in parkinson\u2019s disease: a TMS-EEG study.","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07129-x","article-title":"Analgesic effects of high-frequency rTMS on pain anticipation and perception.","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.12.045","article-title":"Motor cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in fibromyalgia: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.","volume":"134","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003220","article-title":"Characterizing the opioidergic mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced analgesia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2101273118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101273118","article-title":"Manipulating placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia by changing brain excitability.","volume":"118","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.10.384","article-title":"Paired Acute Invasive\/Non-invasive Stimulation (PAINS) study: a phase I\/II randomized, sham-controlled crossover trial in chronic neuropathic pain.","volume":"14","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials.","volume":"158","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/spc.0000000000000591","article-title":"New updates on transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic pain.","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2023.10.007","article-title":"Brain stimulation targets for chronic pain: insights from meta-analysis, functional connectivity and literature review.","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.07.014","article-title":"A practical algorithm for using rTMS to treat patients with chronic pain.","volume":"49","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370420","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1370420","article-title":"Choosing the optimal target area for repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients: a comparative analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199302000-00023","article-title":"Ipsilateral shoulder pain following thoracic surgery.","volume":"78","author":"Burgess","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/s1547-4127(04)00021-0","article-title":"Shoulder function after thoracic surgery.","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302700101","article-title":"Using memory for pain in analgesic research.","volume":"27","author":"Babul","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.9.11.55.s69","article-title":"Pain: clinical manual for nursing practice Pain: clinical manual for nursing practice Margo McCaffery Alexander Beebe Mosby Yearbook UK \u00a317.25 0 7234 1992 2.","volume":"9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nurs Stand."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.08.115","article-title":"Postoperative opioid consumption in thoracic surgery patients: how much is actually used?","volume":"109","author":"Holst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.055806","article-title":"Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain.","volume":"76","author":"Khedr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000006572","article-title":"The COMPARE study: comparing perioperative outcomes of oncologic minimally invasive laparoscopic, da vinci robotic, and open procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence.","volume":"281","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)30352-6","article-title":"Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery.","volume":"393","author":"Glare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.004","article-title":"A prospective study of neuropathic pain induced by thoracotomy: incidence, clinical description, and diagnosis.","volume":"152","author":"Guastella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.09.010","article-title":"The neuropathic component in persistent postsurgical pain: a systematic literature review.","volume":"154","author":"Haroutiunian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(16)00173-x","article-title":"Postoperative pain and quality of life after lobectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or anterolateral thoracotomy for early stage lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"Bendixen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2017.05.003","article-title":"Opioid-free anesthesia opioid side effects: tolerance and hyperalgesia.","volume":"31","author":"Lavand\u2019homme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.aca_216_24","article-title":"Multimodal analgesia for cardiothoracic procedures: nonpharmacological and alternative pain management techniques: Part 2.","volume":"28","author":"Bhatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Cardiac Anaesth."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.109900","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in breast and thoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.08.018","article-title":"Programmed intermittent peripheral nerve local anesthetic bolus compared with continuous infusions for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Chong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-025-03039-5","article-title":"Improvement in postoperative pain control by combined use of intravenous dexamethasone with dexmedetomidine after erector spinae plane block and serratus anterior plane block for thoracoscopic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002264","article-title":"Effect of virtual reality intervention on hospitalized patients with acute pain after thoracoscopic surgery: a pilot randomized clinical trial.","volume":"111","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2515881","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.15881","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as maintenance treatment of depression: the MAINT-R randomized clinical trial.","volume":"8","author":"Noda","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.10.013","article-title":"TMS-induced modulation of brain networks and its associations to rTMS treatment for depression: a concurrent fMRI-EEG-TMS study.","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13437-x","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex promotes recovery of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"272","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.037","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"132","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2025.103110","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of rTMS for the management of pain and psychological aspects in non-central nervous system cancer patients: a systematic review.","volume":"55","author":"Luisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637251356812","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-105104","article-title":"Beyond traditional therapies: a network meta-analysis on the treatment efficacy for chronic phantom limb pain.","volume":"50","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4786","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4786","article-title":"Evidence-Based umbrella review of non-invasive neuromodulation in chronic neuropathic pain.","volume":"29","author":"Duarte-Moreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.07.011","article-title":"Revisiting the effects of rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on pain: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221092423","article-title":"High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for migraine prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Mohamad Safiai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.07.004","article-title":"High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on chronic and provoked pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02983-0","article-title":"The cortical mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147427","article-title":"rTMS induces analgesia and modulates neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in neuropathic pain model rats.","volume":"1762","author":"Toledo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-024-01598-y","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-mastectomy pain in breast cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"31","author":"Kataria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/jsa.0000000000000402","article-title":"Effect analysis of early rehabilitation therapy combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on postoperative rehabilitation of sports knee injury.","volume":"33","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"E23","article-title":"Effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.","volume":"24","author":"Bursali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13378","article-title":"Systematic review: instruments to assess abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome.","volume":"42","author":"Mujagic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2529127","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.29127","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for postpartum contraction pain during elective cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"8","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab208","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuropathic pain: a randomized multicentre sham-controlled trial.","volume":"144","author":"Attal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(25)00068-7","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy and non-invasive neuromodulation for neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"24","author":"Soliman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172293","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1172293","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation regulates neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain.","volume":"14","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.05.006","article-title":"Efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 10 Hz in fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01409-0","article-title":"Modulating neuroplasticity for chronic pain relief: noninvasive neuromodulation as a promising approach.","volume":"57","author":"Jayathilake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1756881\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:51:30Z","timestamp":1773903090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1756881\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1756881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1756881","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"article-number":"1756881"}}