{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:01:37Z","timestamp":1784635297910,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite high prevalence, chronic kidney disease (CKD) often remains undiagnosed and untreated, leading to an increased risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), kidney replacement therapy (KRT), comorbidities, and premature death. In this retrospective nationwide study, we examined whether a lack of CKD diagnosis is associated with adverse post-KRT outcomes among newly dialyzed patients with chronic ESKD in Hungary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two cohorts\u2014undiagnosed (CKD naive) and diagnosed (CKD non-naive) patients (aged &amp;gt; 18\u202fyears)\u2014were compared. Cohorts were defined based on pre-dialysis (&amp;gt;2\u202fmonths) diagnosis-coding and erythropoietin therapy. We compared the risk of primary endpoints after KRT initiation (including all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), lower limb amputation (LLA), cancer, kidney transplantation) using propensity score subclassification for 56 confounders (matched data). We also examined exploratory endpoints (total healthcare costs, key comorbidities, laboratory testing, medications) over 5\u202fyears pre-KRT and\/or post-KRT (unmatched data). Data were collected from the National Health Insurance Fund registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 38,013 ESKD patients on KRT in 2009\u20132023, of whom 10,810 started dialysis in 2014\u20132018. Among these, 33% were undiagnosed (CKD naive). This group experienced more adverse events as early as 3\u202fmonths post-KRT, including higher deaths (27% vs. 7.8%), HHF (18.8% vs. 11.1%), and cancers (11.2% vs. 2.1%). They also had fewer kidney transplantations (4.6% vs. 14%) at 72\u202fmonths than the CKD non-naive group. Median survival was markedly shorter for CKD naive patients (3\u202fmonths) than for CKD non-naive patients (34\u202fmonths). Cox regression revealed higher risks for CKD naive patients for all-cause mortality [HR: 3.66 (CI: 3.12\u20134.29),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001], cancers [HR: 3.31 (CI: 2.55\u20134.29),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001], HHF [HR: 1.81 (CI: 1.55\u20132.11),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001], stroke [HR: 2.27 (CI: 1.08\u20134.76),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0307], and LLA [HR: 2.17 (CI: 1.17\u20134.04),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0146] at 1\u202fmonth post-KRT. Total costs rose 7.5-fold in undiagnosed CKD patients compared to a 4.5-fold increase in diagnosed CKD patients over 5\u202fyears pre-KRT, driven by higher hospitalization spending. Drug therapy costs were consistently higher in diagnosed vs. undiagnosed CKD patients pre\u2212\/post-KRT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undiagnosed CKD patients experience significantly worse outcomes post-KRT and incur higher long-term costs related to inpatient care. These findings underscore the need for early CKD diagnosis and timely interventions to improve survival and optimize healthcare resource utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1759417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:10:24Z","timestamp":1784632224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of risks and costs of undiagnosed and diagnosed chronic kidney disease patients after the initiation of kidney replacement therapy in subsequent years. A Hungarian nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Levente","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs","place":["P\u00e9cs, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Abonyi-T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Rokszin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RxTarget Ltd","place":["Szolnok, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erzs\u00e9bet","family":"Lad\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Dialysis Center, Miskolc Nephrology Center","place":["Miskolc, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"F\u00e1bi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imre","family":"Boncz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs","place":["P\u00e9cs, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs","place":["P\u00e9cs, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka","family":"Laczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs","place":["P\u00e9cs, Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01446-6","article-title":"The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by state in the USA, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"4405","article-title":"Global economic burden associated with chronic kidney disease: a pragmatic review of medical costs for the inside CKD research programme","volume-title":"Adv 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