{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1790603733284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) and migraine are common chronic conditions that significantly impact patients\u2019 quality of life. Although observational studies suggest a potential link between AR and increased migraine risk, evidence remains inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate the association between AR and migraine risk through a comprehensive meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI were systematically searched up to July 2025. Observational studies investigating the association between AR and migraine were included. Data extraction, quality assessment, and meta-analysis were performed following PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects models were utilized, and subgroup analyses were conducted (by study design, age group, and effect measure). Sensitivity analyses (exclusion of cross-sectional studies, restriction to large-sample studies, use of unadjusted estimates, and leave-one-out procedures) were conducted to assess robustness. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots, trim-and-fill analysis, and Egger\u2019s regression test. Additional analyses included meta-regression to explore sources of heterogeneity, cumulative meta-analysis to assess temporal trends, and conversion of relative effects to absolute risk estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten studies involving more than 4.8 million participants met the inclusion criteria. Pooled results indicated a significantly elevated risk of migraine among individuals with AR (OR\u202f=\u202f2.75; 95% CI, 1.80\u20134.19; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f99%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent findings across study designs, age groups, and analytical approaches. Sensitivity analyses indicated stable results, with no single study markedly influencing the pooled estimate. Meta-regression suggested that study design, age group, and sample size explained part of the heterogeneity. Cumulative analysis showed that early small-sample studies overestimated the association, while larger recent studies stabilized the effect at 2\u20133 fold risk. Absolute effect estimates indicated an excess of 23\u201382 migraine cases per 1,000 individuals with AR, with population attributable fractions ranging from 6.8 to 18.1%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis is significantly associated with an increased risk of migraine. Clinicians should be aware of this association and consider integrated management strategies for patients with comorbid AR and migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>INPLASY2025110052.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1766176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:16:21Z","timestamp":1775103381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of migraine in patients with allergic rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei North University Graduate School","place":["Zhangjiakou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of North China University of Science and Technology","place":["Tangshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanqiang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei North University Graduate School","place":["Zhangjiakou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei North University Graduate School","place":["Zhangjiakou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of North China University of Science and Technology","place":["Tangshan, China"]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2215-6027","article-title":"Gender differences in quality-of-life outcome in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery","volume":"85","author":"Tumlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-03022-5","article-title":"Therapeutic applications for homeopathy in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Maftei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01994-5","article-title":"Efficacy and continuability of 675 mg fremanezumab administration over 2 years","volume":"26","author":"Yoshida","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1085","article-title":"Dissecting the circadian clock and toll-like receptor gene alterations in Meniere\u2019s disease and vestibular migraine","volume":"172","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01973-w","article-title":"Migraine and stroke: correlation, coexistence, dependence - a modern perspective","volume":"26","author":"Boro\u0144czyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/head.15055","article-title":"Insomnia severity in migraine: the role of headache frequency, aura status, and comorbidities\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050511","article-title":"Elevated oxidative stress in patients with coexisting multiple sclerosis and migraine: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Ro\u015bciszewska-\u017bukowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003428","article-title":"Neonatal antibiotics and food allergy are associated with FGIDs at 4\u20136 years of age","volume":"74","author":"Kamphorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.07.495","article-title":"Diphenhydramine as adjuvant therapy for acute migraine: an emergency department-based randomized clinical trial","volume":"67","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.02.076","article-title":"Somatic comorbidity in women with overactive bladder syndrome","volume":"196","author":"Altman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92626-6","article-title":"Migraine is a food-allergic disease","volume":"324","author":"Monro","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2118543","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18543","article-title":"Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on development of migraine headaches","volume":"4","author":"Pellesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19954","article-title":"Elevated plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in individuals with rosacea: a cross-sectional case\u2013control study","volume":"39","author":"Wienholtz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2023-003779","article-title":"Switching anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in chronic migraine: real-world observations of erenumab, fremanezumab and galcanezumab","volume":"32","author":"Talbot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331024251329808","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024251329808","article-title":"No additional benefit with detoxification strategies: a real world experience in 200 patients with chronic migraine and either simple or complex MOH treated with CGRP monoclonal antibodies","volume":"45","author":"Silvestro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12939","article-title":"Association between asthma and migraine: a cross-sectional study of over 110 000 adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Graif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00597.x","article-title":"Is headache related to asthma, hay fever, and chronic bronchitis? The head-HUNT study","volume":"47","author":"Aamodt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.292.3148","article-title":"Frequency of migraine in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"29","author":"Ozturk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14819","article-title":"Predictors of migraine interictal burden: the hidden role of subjective memory complaints","volume":"65","author":"Sotero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1159\/000545625","article-title":"The association between allergic diseases and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01682-1","article-title":"No causal association between allergic rhinitis and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"29","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e934475","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.934475","article-title":"Editorial: review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the updated preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Parums","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.29173\/jchla29801","article-title":"JBI critical appraisal checklist for systematic reviews and research syntheses (product review)","volume":"45","author":"Hilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Can Health Libr Assoc"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3308427.x","article-title":"The prevalence of headache and migraine in atopic children: an epidemiological study in general practice","volume":"33","author":"Mortimer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60018-X","article-title":"Prevalence of migraine headaches in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"97","author":"Ku","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"508","article-title":"Association between allergic rhinitis and migraine","volume":"17","author":"Saberi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5312.2011396","article-title":"Relationship between migraine and atopy in childhood: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"53","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Jare\u00f1o","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista De Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21654","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and associated risk of migraine among children: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000715","article-title":"Children with allergic diseases have an increased subsequent risk of migraine upon reaching school age","volume":"66","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2023.15.1.55","article-title":"Atopic disorders and their risks of migraine: a Nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16590","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16590","article-title":"Comorbidities as risk factors for migraine onset: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Terhart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331024231184909","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231184909","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of medication overuse headache in Greece","volume":"43","author":"Constantinidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209584","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209584","article-title":"Efficacy of Atogepant in chronic migraine with and without acute medication overuse in the randomized, double-blind, phase 3 PROGRESS trial","volume":"103","author":"Goadsby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081380","article-title":"Intramuscular electrical stimulation for the treatment of trigger points in patients with chronic migraine: a protocol for a pilot study using a single-case experimental design","volume":"59","author":"Perreault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S399567","article-title":"Lasmiditan in Japanese patients with common migraine comorbidities or concomitant medications: a post hoc safety and efficacy analysis from the MONONOFU study","volume":"16","author":"Kitamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00294.x","article-title":"Salivary levels of CGRP and VIP in rhinosinusitis and migraine patients","volume":"46","author":"Bellamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04817-2","article-title":"Prevalence of migraine headache among patients with allergic rhinitis in a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry","volume":"76","author":"J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5987","article-title":"Procedural and patient-related factors play differential roles in the postdural puncture headache","volume":"55","author":"Yanik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turkish J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14925","article-title":"Rates and risk factors for migraine progression using multiple definitions of progression: results of the longitudinal OVERCOME (US) study","volume":"65","author":"Buse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache J Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413512031","article-title":"Chronic rhinitis and its association with headache frequency and disability in persons with migraine: results of the American migraine prevalence and prevention (AMPP) study","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-021-00077-x","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis patients associated with migraine: effect of treatment of allergic rhinitis on migrainous attack","volume":"37","author":"Zittoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.0530","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis","volume":"331","author":"Bernstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105479","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105479","article-title":"Risk of developing pneumococcal disease in individuals under 19 years of age with chronic medical conditions: a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese insurance claims database","volume":"16","author":"Yano","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1766176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:01:49Z","timestamp":1790600509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1766176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1766176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1766176","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"article-number":"1766176"}}