{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T10:12:00Z","timestamp":1793614320202,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility stands as a significant global concern, contributing to nearly 50% of infertility cases and affecting approximately 7% of the male population. Mounting evidence identifies environmental degradation is a major, modifiable driver. Numerous environmental contaminants, including air pollution, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), microplastics, pharmaceutical contaminants, and climate change linked to deteriorating semen quality. These environmental toxins can decrease spermatogenesis and overall sperm function by triggering oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations. This review highlights the increasing necessity of incorporating environmental exposure data (eco-profiles) into routine semen analysis. An integrated framework is outlined in which AI algorithms analyze multi-omics biomarkers, ranging from genomics to metabolomics, together with environmental metrics. These combined data are used to predict individual fertility risk and to guide personalized treatment strategies, particularly in the context of assisted reproductive technologies. Future studies are essential to find trustworthy biomarkers and elucidate the molecular processes that connect environmental contaminants to male infertility. As environmental toxicants intensify, the comprehensive toxicological studies are in need to enhance curative approaches and preventative strategies that ultimately aim at safeguarding male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1770866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:54:59Z","timestamp":1771397699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Environmental determinants of male infertility: emerging threats and technological interventions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Jagadesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Cloning Technology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. B.","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Cloning Technology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology","place":["Vellore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32667-2","article-title":"Male infertility","volume":"397","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4314\/AHS.V17I2.16","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing sperm count in African population from 1965 to 2015","volume":"17","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12958-018-0425-Z","article-title":"Decline in seminal quality in Indian men over the last 37 years","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000745","article-title":"Reasons for worldwide decline in male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.22074\/IJFS.2015.4217","article-title":"In vitro effect of cell phone radiation on motility, DNA fragmentation and Clusterin gene expression in human sperm","volume":"9","author":"Zalata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.21037\/TAU-20-685","article-title":"Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential","volume":"9","author":"Krzastek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152780","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TOX.2021.152780","article-title":"Environmental pollutants exposure and male reproductive toxicity: the role of epigenetic modifications","volume":"456","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"100","article-title":"WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen","volume-title":"Healthc Financ Manage","author":"McVay","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/ANDR.13123","article-title":"Are sperm parameters able to predict the success of assisted reproductive technology? 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