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Despite advances in clinical management, high morbidity and mortality rates persist, underscoring the urgent need for deeper mechanistic insights and novel therapeutic strategies. Current basic research has increasingly focused on elucidating the cellular and molecular alterations underpinning PCAS, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and systemic inflammatory responses. Animal models have been instrumental in mimicking the human condition, enabling the exploration of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the fundamental research of PCAS, highlighting key findings related to its pathophysiology, molecular signaling pathways, and experimental interventions. 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