{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T08:29:10Z","timestamp":1793780950880,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province","award":["2024NMKFKT-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NMKFKT-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to systematically compare differences in body composition between adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and healthy controls using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method, to provide an objective basis for clinical nutritional assessment and intervention in T1DM patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 57 T1DM patients hospitalized at the First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province between December 2023 and April 2024 were selected as the study group, and 55 healthy adults matched for age, sex, and BMI were recruited as the control group. Body composition indicators, including body fat, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, visceral fat area, and phase angle (PA), were measured for all subjects using a body composition analyzer, and the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated. BIA was used to determine body composition parameters, and statistical analyses were conducted to compare the differences between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In males, the T1DM group exhibited significantly lower body fat, body fat percentage, bone mineral content, visceral fat area, and SMI compared to the healthy control group (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). In females, the T1DM group showed significantly higher levels of intracellular water, protein, minerals, skeletal muscle, fat-free mass, right leg lean mass, basal metabolic rate, and SMI, while demonstrating significantly lower body fat, body fat percentage, visceral fat area, and waist-to-hip ratio compared to the control group (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite having normal or even low BMI, T1DM patients present a unique body composition profile characterized by \u201clow fat mass, low visceral fat, but relatively high skeletal muscle mass.\u201d This suggests that the disease state may influence energy metabolism and body composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1776074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:22:32Z","timestamp":1776745352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of body composition characteristics in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case\u2013control study based on a bioelectrical impedance analyzer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongfen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Buga Town Health Center","place":["Zhaotong, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Metabolism, Changning County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Baoshan, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Baoshan Second People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Baoshan, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine Metabolism, Menghai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Gan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC33","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202203150","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"175","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a041623","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041623","article-title":"The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Herold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16501","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of type 1 diabetes: a global perspective","volume":"27","author":"Bell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16628","article-title":"The pathophysiology, presentation and classification of type 1 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Aamodt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70120","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70120","article-title":"A comprehensive review of novel advances in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ebrahimpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13258","article-title":"History of pediatric type 1 diabetes in China","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1103","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae341","article-title":"Defining overweight and obesity by percent body fat instead of body mass index","volume":"110","author":"Potter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102254","article-title":"Beyond BMI","volume":"15","author":"Bray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067516","article-title":"Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"376","author":"Jayedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab261","article-title":"Impaired function and altered morphology in the skeletal muscles of adult men and women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Dial","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.66.e126192","article-title":"Assessment of body composition of adult Bulgarian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus by bioelectrical impedance analysis","volume":"66","author":"Baltadjiev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05272-x","article-title":"High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Campa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224792","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the assessment of body composition in oncology: a scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Branco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.048","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived phase angle in sarcopenia: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn115791-20241203-00705","article-title":"Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus (2024 edition)","volume":"17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Diabetes Mellit"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01283.x","article-title":"Body composition and bone mineral density in long-standing type 1 diabetes","volume":"255","author":"Ingberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302013000800007","article-title":"Growth and body composition of a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Paulino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1141381","article-title":"Gender and age-dependent effect of type 1 diabetes on obesity and altered body composition in young adults","volume":"22","author":"Szadkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111720","article-title":"Body composition characteristics of type 1 diabetes children and adolescents: a hospital-based case-control study in Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Nsamba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155585","article-title":"Diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy for sarcopenia in people with diabetes","volume":"144","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010183","article-title":"A narrative review on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"13","author":"Izzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02145-x","article-title":"Double diabetes-when type 1 diabetes meets type 2 diabetes: definition, pathogenesis and recognition","volume":"23","author":"Bielka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-3078","article-title":"Prevalence and management of obesity in U.S. adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"176","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05396-5","article-title":"Transforming type 1 diabetes: the next wave of innovation","volume":"64","author":"Drucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12050612","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes, and cancer: the role of the insulin\/IGF axis; mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Morrione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00347-8","article-title":"Bone fragility in diabetes: novel concepts and clinical implications","volume":"10","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.22-86","article-title":"Osteoporosis and diabetes: the dual pandemics","volume":"72","author":"Kalra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09786-5","article-title":"Phase angle in assessment and monitoring treatment of individuals with respiratory disease","volume":"24","author":"De Benedetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010040","article-title":"Extracellular water and phase angle, markers of heightened inflammatory state, and their extrapolative potential for body composition outcomes in adults","volume":"16","author":"Cvijeti\u0107","year":"2026","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02534-5","article-title":"Stronger associations of the phase angle than the TyG index with micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004028","article-title":"Determinants of bioelectrical phase angle in disease","volume":"107","author":"Stob\u00e4us","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1776074\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:22:34Z","timestamp":1776745354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1776074\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1776074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1776074","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"article-number":"1776074"}}