{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T05:09:28Z","timestamp":1778476168824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia (short-sightedness), characterized by excessive ocular growth, is the most common visual disorder and is the greatest risk factor for blindness later in life, though its etiology is uncertain. We have previously suggested that ocular volume regulation is related to the rate of Retinal Ion-Driven fluid Efflux from the vitreous to the lymphatic sinusoids of the choroid, and predict that common clinically approved diuretics (amiloride, bumetanide, and furosemide) known to act on different ion exchanger and cation-chloride symporter mechanisms in retina and RPE would show differential, sign-dependent effects on refractive compensation to optical defocusing lenses that normally induce myopia and hyperopia (long-sightedness) in chick.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On day 5, 169 post-hatching chicks were intravitreally injected with 5 \u03bcL of either 1 mM amiloride (a potassium sparing diuretic that blocks sodium channels), bumetanide or furosemide (both loop diuretics that predominantly inhibit Na\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/2Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/K\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      co-transporters) in DMSO vehicle, or DMSO carrier control only, and fitted with + 10D, -10D lens, or No Lens. After 4 days of rearing, biometric data were collected. Electroretinograms (ERGs;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3\u20134 per drug group) were recorded in No Lens animals to assess the effects of diuretics on retinal light responses, both acutely (day 5) and 96 h post-injection (day 9).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Furosemide and amiloride reduced myopia development following negative lenses, while bumetanide and amiloride suppressed hyperopia development in response to positive lenses. ERG waveforms demonstrated that retinal integrity was maintained following drug injection, with evidence of modulation of the strength of ON vs. OFF pathway signaling compared with DMSO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, diuretics that alter retinal function and associated ion-driven transretinal\/RPE fluid efflux from vitreous to choroid inhibit the induction of defocus-induced refractive errors. This highlights the potential of diuretic-like agents for the therapeutic management of myopia and associated myopia-induced ocular pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1781955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:26:22Z","timestamp":1778473582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diuretic inhibition of experimental myopia implicates retinal ion-driven efflux in the regulation of ocular growth"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Crewther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Ignacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila G.","family":"Crewther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.4.527","article-title":"Myopia, lifestyle, and schooling in students of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore and Sydney.","volume":"126","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10480","article-title":"What factors are associated with myopia in young adults? A survey study in Taiwan Military Conscripts.","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","article-title":"Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"109","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2788","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of undercorrected refractive errors among Singaporean Malay adults: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.","volume":"50","author":"Rosman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications.","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.083733","article-title":"The epidemiology of age related eye diseases in Asia.","volume":"90","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.02.004","article-title":"Frequency, course, and impact of correctable visual impairment (uncorrected refractive error).","volume":"55","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Function and Disease.","author":"Marmor","year":"1998"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.a.10303","article-title":"The fall and rise of active chloride transport: implications for regulation of intraocular pressure.","volume":"300","author":"Civan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-004-0688-5","article-title":"Basis of chloride transport in ciliary epithelium.","volume":"200","author":"Do","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Membr Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.016","article-title":"Water channels and their roles in some ocular tissues.","volume":"33","author":"Fischbarg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(96)00037-7","article-title":"Retinal pigment epithelial transport mechanisms and their contributions to the electroretinogram.","volume":"16","author":"Gallemore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.12.002","article-title":"Ion channels in the RPE.","volume":"26","author":"Wimmers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1002192829817","article-title":"Mechanisms of fluid accumulation in retinal edema.","volume":"97","author":"Marmor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"650","article-title":"Contribution of Kir4.1 to the mouse electroretinogram.","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000328979","article-title":"M\u00fcller glial cells in retinal disease.","volume":"227","author":"Bringmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0516-y","article-title":"Muller cells as players in retinal degeneration and edema.","volume":"245","author":"Reichenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20391","article-title":"The developmental expression of K+ channels in retinal glial cells is associated with a decrease of osmotic cell swelling.","volume":"54","author":"Wurm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1066-3","article-title":"Molecular physiology of cation-coupled Cl- cotransport: the SLC12 family.","volume":"447","author":"Hebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00015.2009","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of ischemic cerebral edema: role of electroneutral ion transport.","volume":"24","author":"Kahle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/s1350-9462(00)00004-5","article-title":"The role of photoreceptors in the control of refractive state.","volume":"19","author":"Crewther","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523809090038","article-title":"A role for aquaporin-4 in fluid regulation in the inner retina.","volume":"26","author":"Goodyear","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function.","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.6022","article-title":"Common mechanisms underlying refractive error identified in functional analysis of gene lists from genome-wide association study results in 2 European British cohorts.","volume":"132","author":"Hysi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14149","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of refractive error and myopia, lessons learned, and implications for the future.","volume":"55","author":"Hysi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21999","article-title":"When do myopia genes have their effect? Comparison of genetic risks between children and adults.","volume":"40","author":"Tideman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12861-018-0177-1","article-title":"Short term optical defocus perturbs normal developmental shifts in retina\/RPE protein abundance.","volume":"18","author":"Riddell","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"872","article-title":"The retina\/RPE proteome in chick myopia and hyperopia models: commonalities with inherited and age-related ocular pathologies.","volume":"23","author":"Riddell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84338-y","article-title":"RNA-seq and GSEA identifies suppression of ligand-gated chloride efflux channels as the major gene pathway contributing to form deprivation myopia.","volume":"11","author":"Vocale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2025.2541448","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing reveals ceRNA networks and molecular signatures in myopic mouse retina.","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031344","article-title":"Cation-chloride cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as therapeutic targets in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002839","article-title":"Potassium channel and NKCC cotransporter involvement in ocular refractive control mechanisms.","volume":"3","author":"Crewther","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470320320975893","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320320975893","article-title":"Amiloride: a review.","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.6.1153","article-title":"Potassium-dependent volume regulation in retinal pigment epithelium is mediated by Na,K,Cl cotransport.","volume":"96","author":"Adorante","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5061","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05061.2003","article-title":"Na-K-Cl cotransporter contributes to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.","volume":"23","author":"Beck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"3033","article-title":"Epinephrine stimulates fluid absorption across bovine retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"32","author":"Edelman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2004","article-title":"Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters.","volume":"85","author":"Gamba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.053744","article-title":"Inhibition of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4 water permeability by a derivative of the loop diuretic bumetanide acting at an internal pore-occluding binding site.","volume":"76","author":"Migliati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523807070629","article-title":"Multiple functions of cation-chloride cotransporters in the fish retina.","volume":"24","author":"Dmitriev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F679","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1983.244.6.F679","article-title":"Furosemide-sensitive Cl transport in embryonic chicken retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"244","author":"Frambach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.4.1669","article-title":"Light-evoked modulation of basolateral membrane Cl- conductance in chick retinal pigment epithelium: the light peak and fast oscillation.","volume":"70","author":"Gallemore","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-004-1357-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of chloride influx during KCl-induced swelling in the chicken retina.","volume":"449","author":"Ochoa-de la Paz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805222034","article-title":"Blockade of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels alters multiple components of the mammalian electroretinogram.","volume":"22","author":"Brockway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90073-4","article-title":"Evidence for Na+\/H+ exchange in vertebrate rod photoreceptors.","volume":"51","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C456","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.273.2.C456","article-title":"Apical and basolateral membrane mechanisms that regulate pHi in bovine retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"273","author":"Kenyon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.18926\/amo\/31319","article-title":"Expression of amiloride-sensitive sodium channel in rat eye.","volume":"52","author":"Matsuo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0675","article-title":"Immunochemical analysis of the sodium channel in rodent and human eye.","volume":"69","author":"Mirshahi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000320079","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa and other dystrophies.","volume":"47","author":"Sahel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1002496223131","article-title":"Inhibition of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase decreases subretinal pH and volume.","volume":"97","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0883","article-title":"Roles of the cation-chloride cotransporters in neurological disease.","volume":"4","author":"Kahle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.1.211","article-title":"Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport.","volume":"80","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.51.154","article-title":"Neurochemical organization of the first visual synapse.","volume":"51","author":"Vardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.03.020","article-title":"Depolarizing effect of GABA in rod bipolar cells of the mouse retina.","volume":"45","author":"Varela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01414.2000","article-title":"Localization and developmental expression patterns of the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter (KCC2) in the rat retina.","volume":"20","author":"Vu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12656","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.18.12656","article-title":"The neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter, KCC2. Antibody development and initial characterization of the protein.","volume":"274","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C703","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.3.C703","article-title":"Role of ion channels in aqueous humor formation.","volume":"271","author":"Jacob","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.021","article-title":"The ins and outs of aqueous humour secretion.","volume":"78","author":"Civan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C479","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00114.2013","article-title":"DIDS and the Janus-faced Na+-K+-activated ATPase. Focus on \u201cDIDS inhibits Na-K-ATPase activity in porcine nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells by a Src family kinase-dependent mechanism\u201d.","volume":"305","author":"Civan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-025-00368-6","article-title":"Structural basis for human NKCC1 inhibition by loop diuretic drugs.","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108910","article-title":"CNS pharmacology of NKCC1 inhibitors.","volume":"205","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018518","article-title":"Apical and basal membrane ion transport mechanisms in bovine retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"435","author":"Joseph","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018067","article-title":"Active ion transport pathways in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"424","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"3513","article-title":"Ion transport mechanisms in native human retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"33","author":"Quinn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"2700","article-title":"Light-dependent hydration of the space surrounding photoreceptors in chick retina.","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1516","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.273.5.C1516","article-title":"Functional characterization of the neuronal-specific K-Cl cotransporter: implications for [K+]oregulation.","volume":"273","author":"Payne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0397","article-title":"Effects of ion transport and channel-blocking drugs on aqueous humor formation in isolated bovine eye.","volume":"44","author":"Shahidullah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.093526","article-title":"Water permeability of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters in mammalian epithelial cells.","volume":"568","author":"Hamann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Water Transport Across Biological Membranes.","author":"Zeuthen","year":"2002"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1210","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1994.266.5.C1210","article-title":"Ion transport asymmetry and functional coupling in bovine pigmented and nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells.","volume":"266","author":"Edelman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(90)90176-f","article-title":"Light input and the reversal of functional lateralization in the chicken brain.","volume":"38","author":"Rogers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248362","article-title":"Transient asymmetry in the projections of the rostral thalamus to the visual hyperstriatum of the chicken, and reversal of its direction by light exposure.","volume":"70","author":"Rogers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04243.1992","article-title":"Light-evoked expansion of subretinal space volume in the retina of the frog.","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1017\/s0952523800003047","article-title":"Light-dependent hydration of the space surrounding photoreceptors in the cat retina.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/s095252389916615x","article-title":"Light-induced changes of extracellular ions and volume in the isolated chick retina-pigment epithelium preparation.","volume":"16","author":"Dmitriev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020081","article-title":"K+ and Cl- transport mechanisms in bovine pigment epithelium that could modulate subretinal space volume and composition.","volume":"475","author":"Bialek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B76","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dissociation of AQP4 and Kir4.1 expression during induction of refractive errors.","volume":"16","author":"Goodyear","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.93.1.101","article-title":"B-wave of the electro-retinogram: a reflection of the ON bipolar cell activity.","volume":"93","author":"Stockton","year":"1989","journal-title":"J General Physiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0674","article-title":"The effect of retinal ganglion cell injury on light-induced photoreceptor degeneration.","volume":"45","author":"Casson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90086-x","article-title":"Effects of sodium iodate on the electroretinogram c-wave in the cat.","volume":"32","author":"Kiryu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90007-4","article-title":"Effects of maintained illumination upon [K+]0 in the subretinal space of the frog retina.","volume":"22","author":"Oakley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1961.sp006768","article-title":"Localization of origins of electroretinogram components by intraretinal recording in the intact cat eye.","volume":"158","author":"Brown","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07621.2003","article-title":"Developmental modulation of retinal wave dynamics: shedding light on the GABA saga.","volume":"23","author":"Sernagor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(00)00028-6","article-title":"Opposite effects of GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptor antagonists on the b-wave of ERG recorded from the isolated rat retina.","volume":"40","author":"Kapousta-Bruneau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"JASP. 0.95.3 ed2025. p. [Computer software].\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.13004","article-title":"An x-ray microanalytical method for measuring in vivo element and water concentrations, relating to osmoregulation, in cells and tissues of the posterior eye.","volume":"283","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microscopy."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975313","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.975313","article-title":"Osmotic gradients and transretinal water flow-a quantitative elemental microanalytical study of frozen hydrated chick eyes.","volume":"16","author":"Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2011.03539.x","article-title":"Sequential quantitative X-ray elemental imaging of frozen-hydrated and freeze-dried biological bulk samples in the SEM.","volume":"245","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Microscopy."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"3274","article-title":"Myopia is more than a retinal ion driven fluid efflux response to prolonged defocus.","volume":"66","author":"Crewther","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"2166","article-title":"Hyperosmotic stress and osmo-gene adaptation during early induction of refractive errors.","volume":"56","author":"Crewther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia.","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2025.101415","article-title":"Global perspectives on myopia and pathologic myopia: from environmental drivers to precision medicine.","volume":"109","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"2332","article-title":"Na\/H exchange mechanism in apical membrane vesicles of the retinal pigment epithelium.","volume":"30","author":"Zadunaisky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B94","first-page":"288","article-title":"Modulation of acid-sensing ion channels: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B95","first-page":"3300","article-title":"Acid-sensing ion channel 1a is involved in retinal ganglion cell death induced by hypoxia.","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Vis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E22","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC\/2008\/25\/9\/E22","article-title":"The bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 as a potential target of a novel mechanism-based treatment strategy for neonatal seizures.","volume":"25","author":"Kahle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16245","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.27.16245","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a putative K-Cl cotransporter in rat brain. A neuronal-specific isoform.","volume":"271","author":"Payne","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.241042","article-title":"Regulation of synaptic transmission at the photoreceptor terminal: a novel role for the cation-chloride co-transporter NKCC1.","volume":"591","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964488","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.964488","article-title":"NKCC1 and KCC2: structural insights into phospho-regulation.","volume":"15","author":"Hartmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c10258","article-title":"Cation chloride cotransporter NKCC1 operates through a rocking-bundle mechanism.","volume":"146","author":"Ruiz Munevar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20110432","article-title":"Inhibition of acid-sensing ion channels by amiloride protects rat articular chondrocytes from acid-induced apoptosis via a mitochondrial-mediated pathway.","volume":"36","author":"Rong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2021","article-title":"Chloride transporters controlling neuronal excitability.","volume":"103","author":"Pressey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/09687688.2012.687460","article-title":"Ion transport through dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induced transient water pores in cell membranes.","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Membr Biol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00539.2003","article-title":"Effects of inhibitors of chloride channels and carbonic anhydrase (iv) on fluid transport by corneal endothelium.","volume":"45","author":"Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2012.01043.x","article-title":"Dimethylsulfoxide potentiates the nerve conduction-blocking effect of lidocaine without augmentation of the intracellular lidocaine concentration in the giant axon of crayfish in vitro.","volume":"27","author":"Yano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1996.sp003951","article-title":"Molecular biology of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel Aquaporin mediated water flux as a target for diuretic development Physiology of renal sodium transport The regulation of salt transport and blood pressure by the WNK-SPAK\/OSR1 signalling pathway.","volume":"81","author":"Lingueglia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Physiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106728","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1106728","article-title":"Biomechanical homeostasis in ocular diseases: a mini-review.","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-120710-101058","article-title":"Fluid mechanics of the eye.","volume":"44","author":"Siggers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fluid Mech."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.013","article-title":"Is there more to glaucoma treatment than lowering IOP?","volume":"52","author":"Mozaffarieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03141-6","article-title":"Ocular fluid mechanics and drug delivery: a review of mathematical and computational models.","volume":"38","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Res."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101232","article-title":"IOP and glaucoma damage: the essential role of optic nerve head and retinal mechanosensors.","volume":"99","author":"Pitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5557.001.0001","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision.","author":"Heckenlively","year":"2006"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.01.657224","article-title":"A theoretical mechanism for ocular emmetropization.","author":"Crewther","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv [Preprint]."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.24","article-title":"Retinal dopamine D2 receptors participate in the development of myopia in mice.","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1196-23.2023","article-title":"The role of retinal dopamine D1 receptors in ocular growth and myopia development in mice.","volume":"43","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01347.x","article-title":"Light modulation, not choroidal vasomotor action, is a regulator of refractive compensation to signed optical blur.","volume":"164","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1781955\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:26:26Z","timestamp":1778473586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1781955\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1781955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1781955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"article-number":"1781955"}}