{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:16:51Z","timestamp":1788239811587,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects millions of people worldwide and causes proteinuric kidney diseases. Early detection of proteinuria in patients with SCD would allow for earlier intervention, possibly limiting renal complications. Here, we report the results of a case-control, proof-of-concept study to assess the clinical performance of a novel urine protein immunoassay (UP immunoassay) for detecting small molecular weight proteins in the urine of patients with sickle disease (SCD) and healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study recruited 100 patients with SCD (50 with proteinuria and 50 without) and 50 healthy controls without SCD or proteinuria. Patient demographic information and early morning urine specimens were collected. The samples were tested for proteinuria using the UP immunoassay and clinical laboratory tests for albumin and creatinine levels. Albumin: creatinine (ACR) and UP:creatinine (UPCR) ratios were calculated and compared across groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 150 recruited participants, 147 completed the study. Our results demonstrated that the UPCR and ACR were substantially equivalent in the clinical detection of proteinuria across all patient groups. Despite this equivalence, the UPCR and ACR values did not correlate in the 147 patient samples tested (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.5,113).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UPCR measurement is clinically useful and equivalent to ACR measurement for detecting proteinuria across the three subject groups. The moderate correlation between the UPCR and ACR suggests that the UP immunoassay detects a collection of non-albumin proteins and peptides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1787240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:26:28Z","timestamp":1788236788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical evaluation of a novel urinary protein competitive immunoassay in the detection of proteinuria in adults with sickle cell disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vincent","family":"Boima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Dei-Adomako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Ghana Institute of Clinical Genetics, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akosua","family":"Asante-Offei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Institute of Clinical Genetics, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Warlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Life Sciences Collaboration","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Very","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Life Sciences Collaboration","place":["New Haven, CT, United States"]},{"name":"MS Degree Program in Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University","place":["Pittsburgh, PA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"The global burden of disease study 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intervention of chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference","volume":"99","author":"Shlipak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"DIGO 2024 Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001378","article-title":"Progression of albuminuria in patients with sickle cell anemia: a multicenter, longitudinal study","volume":"4","author":"Niss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5610","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025017204","article-title":"KDIGO-defined kidney dysfunction predicts long-term outcomes in a multicenter cohort of adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000804","article-title":"Management of kidney disease with sickle cell disease","volume":"36","author":"Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30313-9","article-title":"Change in albuminuria and subsequent risk of end-stage kidney disease: an individual participant-level consortium meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"7","author":"Coresh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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