{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:17:00Z","timestamp":1791584220085,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively analyze and summarize the risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature screening, data extraction, and statistical analysis were conducted by an independent investigator. Meta-analyses were conducted for included studies using a random-effects method and generic inverse variance. All risk factors analyzed in the multifactorial regression models of the included studies were included in the meta-analysis to calculate the combined OR and 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 31 studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f355,117). Patient-specific factors included female gender (OR 2.39), motion sickness (2.08), non-smoking (1.70), migraine (1.38), BMI (1.06), age (0.98), ASA II (0.97) and ASA III (0.84). Anesthetic factors included patient-controlled analgesia (1.51), volatile anesthetics (1.46), postoperative-opioids (1.32), duration of anesthesia (1.31), intraoperative-opioids (1.22), N2O (1.12), intravenous-anesthesia (1.12), fentanyl (1.07), preventive antiemetic (0.84), and hormone medications (0.81). Of the 16 surgical factors, breast surgery (2.13), cholecystectomy (2.07), abdominal surgery (1.37), gynecology surgery (1.34), and surgical duration (1.13) were statistically significant. The remaining surgical factors, namely plastic (2.01), ophthalmologic surgery (2.0), neurosurgery (1.71), head\/neck surgery (1.38), ear\/nose\/throat surgery (1.34), orthopedics (1.27), thyroid surgery (1.26), laparoscopic surgery (1.14), urological surgery (0.99), and postoperative pain (0.59) was not statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed patient-related, procedure-related, and anesthesia-related significant risk factors for PONV. This may provide a basis for clinical prevention, but a rigorously designed prospective study should be performed to confirm the findings of this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1791765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:56:20Z","timestamp":1773816980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuchun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yidu Central Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuna","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Xuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.10.1233","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting--can it be eliminated?","volume":"287","author":"Gan","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(02)00507-X","article-title":"How much are patients willing to pay to avoid intraoperative awareness?","volume":"15","author":"Gan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01171.x","article-title":"Patients' willingness to pay for anti-emetic treatment","volume":"51","author":"Kerger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol 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