{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:52:54Z","timestamp":1776664374772,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Remimazolam, an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine metabolized by carboxylesterase-1 (CES1), permits specific antagonism by flumazenil, enabling active reversal unavailable with propofol-based sedation. However, the safety profile of this reversal strategy-including re-sedation risk, seizure concerns, and special population considerations-remains incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review synthesizes evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling studies, and pharmacogenomic research identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar through February 2026 to evaluate the clinical utility and safety considerations of flumazenil reversal in remimazolam-based anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recent meta-analyses demonstrate that remimazolam-flumazenil accelerates emergence by approximately 4 min versus propofol with significant reductions in respiratory depression (RR 0.41; 95% CI 0.30\u20130.56) and hypotension (RR 0.25; 95% CI 0.12\u20130.52), though substantial heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 96%) limits pooled estimate precision. Re-sedation occurs in 2\u201322% of cases depending on procedural duration and outcome definitions, with this variability primarily reflecting heterogeneous procedural settings and inconsistent outcome definitions rather than pharmacogenomic factors. The pharmacogenomics of CES1, particularly the G143E loss-of-function polymorphism, represents an emerging area that may influence remimazolam metabolism and reversal kinetics. Reconciliation of surgical database evidence with elevated pharmacovigilance signals from FAERS analysis suggests confounding by indication in emergency settings; however, the intrinsic neurophysiological risks of rapid GABA-A receptor de-occupation warrant continued vigilance. The Dextran 40 excipient in remimazolam besylate formulations is contraindicated in patients with severe dextran hypersensitivity, and clinicians should consider non-benzodiazepine etiologies when hemodynamic deterioration does not respond to flumazenil. In neonates, immature CES1 activity combined with reduced renal clearance creates theoretical risk of metabolite accumulation, contraindicating use outside research settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review identifies critical evidence gaps\u2014including the need for standardized re-sedation definitions, prospective validation of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models, and pediatric pharmacokinetic data\u2014and provides evidence-based considerations for clinical practice while emphasizing the need for systematic review methodology and expert consensus to develop formal clinical guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1793528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:23:58Z","timestamp":1776662638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flumazenil reversal of remimazolam-induced sedation: a narrative review of safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical considerations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yukai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Number 1 Orthopedics Hospital of Chengdu","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Number 1 Orthopedics Hospital of Chengdu","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wanzhou District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Chongqing","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wencai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"XianJie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Deyang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0672-3","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol.","volume":"57","author":"Sahinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.03.028","article-title":"Current status of perioperative hypnotics, role 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