{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:11:07Z","timestamp":1778735467918,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic immune-mediated diseases characterized by overlapping clinical presentations and shared immunoregulatory pathways. Both conditions involve dysregulated immune cell activation, autoantibody production, cytokine imbalance, compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB), and mechanisms that establish self-perpetuating cycles that drive neuroinflammatory cascades, demyelination, and tissue injury. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) efficiently deliver and protect bioactive cargo, notably key immunoregulatory molecules including microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, from enzymatic degradation through their bilayer membrane structure, facilitating intercellular communication and immune modulation. Preclinical studies in animal models of SLE and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, the standard MS model) have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) modulate immune responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators, enhancing anti-inflammatory signaling, promoting tissue repair, and conferring neuroprotection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the functional cargo of MSC-EVs targets key pathogenic processes in both diseases, including immune cell polarization, cytokine regulation, and tissue regeneration. This review examines the convergent immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of SC-EVs in SLE and MS, highlighting their potential as cell-free immunotherapeutic agents for mitigating autoimmune-mediated damage. This review highlights the synergistic role of microRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) and microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in reprogramming immune responses and the context-dependent regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1) axis in tissue repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:28:29Z","timestamp":1778732909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as immunomodulatory agents: targeting pathological crosstalk in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lifei","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ji'an Central Blood Station","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaofen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital","place":["Ji'an, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.2315","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: a review","volume":"331","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25081","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN25081","article-title":"Exploring the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options of multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Lorenzut","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651874","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1651874","article-title":"The immunological mechanisms linking systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889613","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.889613","article-title":"Demyelinating syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the \u201cAttikon\u201d lupus cohort","volume":"13","author":"Nikolopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02168-0","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: updated insights on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5114\/ppn.2023.134444","article-title":"Coexistence of multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus - a case report","volume":"33","author":"Dubaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postep Psychiatr Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.11.007","article-title":"Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and natural history","volume":"43","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055217318768330","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217318768330","article-title":"Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. A case report and literature review","volume":"4","author":"J\u00e1come","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168370","article-title":"Reviewing the significance of blood-brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis pathology and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Balasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.04.066","article-title":"How do immune cells overcome the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis?","volume":"585","author":"Larochelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"2025 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Sammaritano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562864211035542","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211035542","article-title":"Treatment approaches to patients with multiple sclerosis and coexisting autoimmune disorders","volume":"14","author":"Brummer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4137\/PMC.S13213","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: overview of disease-modifying agents","volume":"6","author":"Finkelsztejn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect Med Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124297","article-title":"Advances in mast cell activation by IL-1 and IL-33 in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: promising inhibitory effect of IL-37","volume":"21","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579043","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579043","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in autoimmune pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22020225","article-title":"Regulation of T cell activation and differentiation by extracellular vesicles and their pathogenic role in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Ulivieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.011","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption and enhanced vascular permeability in the multiple sclerosis model EAE","volume":"229","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.02.013","article-title":"Exploiting the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles for bioengineering and therapeutic cargo loading","volume":"31","author":"R\u00e4dler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137041","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuroinflammation in intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk","volume":"25","author":"Cabrera-Pastor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"164","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142229","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Akhmerov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9695-z","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cells as a robust source of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Luzzani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849891","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.849891","article-title":"Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as potential therapeutic approach for acute kidney injury","volume":"13","author":"Quaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03174-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome-educated macrophages alleviate systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting efferocytosis and recruitment of IL-17(+) regulatory T cell","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121497","article-title":"Placental mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote myelin regeneration in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453264","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1453264","article-title":"Case report: case analysis of multiple sclerosis with preclinical systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as rare bilateral horizontal gaze palsy","volume":"15","author":"Huan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515613165","article-title":"Change in autoantibody and cytokine responses during the evolution of neuromyelitis optica in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9521","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.9521","article-title":"The diagnostic challenge of coexisting systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis in a young male: rare but real","volume":"12","author":"Charbel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5603\/pjnns.103538","article-title":"Kalinowska A. Clinical, immunological and neuroimaging spectrum of CNS lupus: can we reliably differentiate it from MS?","volume":"58","author":"W\u00f3jcicka-Frankiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218004","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier leakage in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with gray matter loss and cognitive impairment","volume":"79","author":"Kamintsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819","article-title":"2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00270-4","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"24","author":"Montalban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0534-3","article-title":"Management of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: current approaches and future perspectives","volume":"76","author":"Magro-Checa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.6.605","article-title":"The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus Part 1 Clinical syndromes: a literature investigation","volume":"41","author":"Jennekens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.6.619","article-title":"The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus Part 2 Pathogenetic mechanisms of clinical syndromes: a literature investigation","volume":"41","author":"Jennekens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu495oa","article-title":"The ACR nomenclature for CNS lupus revisited","volume":"12","author":"Pablo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"B37","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS manifestations), radiology reference article"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh532","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, neuropsychiatric lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome: where do we stand?","volume":"44","author":"Ferreira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nerep.2022.100119","article-title":"An unusual association\u2013multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2","author":"S\u01cec\u01cerescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimmunology Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05306-5","article-title":"Current treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinician's perspective","volume":"43","author":"Katarzyna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.48101\/ujms.v130.13677","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: from an adverse event of interferon administration to a disease with new treatment options","volume":"130","author":"R\u00f6nnblom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005558","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-005558","article-title":"Safety of mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus maintenance therapy: insights from the LUNA registry in a nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2011.0029","article-title":"The dysregulation of cytokine networks in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"781","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus - a review","volume":"60","author":"B\u01cerbulescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04904-7","article-title":"An overview of the immune system","volume":"357","author":"Parkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223741","article-title":"Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: risks, mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"82","author":"Crow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-023-00198-8","article-title":"Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Land","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12601","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein orchestrates responses to tissue damage via inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and tissue repair","volume":"280","author":"Bianchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083585","article-title":"Microglia\/Macrophages in autoimmune demyelinating encephalomyelitis (Multiple Sclerosis\/Neuromyelitis Optica)","volume":"26","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.12.001","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells attenuate inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system in EAE rats by regulating the polarization of microglia","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70305-9","article-title":"Role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Hemmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149095","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149095","article-title":"Meant to B: B cells as a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"131","author":"Atisha-Fregoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-1550-0","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate IL-6-induced acute liver injury through miR-455-3p","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110835","article-title":"Chimeric CNS-targeting-peptide engineered exosomes for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis therapy","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68853-2","article-title":"Deferoxamine preconditioning of canine stem cell derived extracellular vesicles alleviates inflammation in an EAE mouse model through STAT3 regulation","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2022.2090261","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in mice by promoting M2 macrophage polarization via the microRNA-146a-5p\/NOTCH1 Axis","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2022.2055478","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate lupus by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and regulatory T Cell expansion in MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425847","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1425847","article-title":"Imbalance of Th17 cells, Treg cells and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2024.100928","article-title":"Interaction between Th17 and central nervous system in multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.12.004","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation as pathophysiological mechanisms of the diffuse manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Duarte-Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680418","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680418","article-title":"Cytokine networks and therapeutic advances in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01793","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.108267","article-title":"Reprograming of peripheral Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell towards Th17-like cell in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"209","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.08.005","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and age-related correlations of NADPH oxidase, MMP-9, and cell adhesion molecules: the increased disease severity and blood-brain barrier permeability in middle-aged mice","volume":"287","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00377-0","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: causes, consequences, and potential effects of therapies","volume":"23","author":"Zierfuss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00484","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric lupus, the blood brain barrier, and the TWEAK\/Fn14 pathway","volume":"4","author":"Stock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad421","article-title":"p38\u03b3 MAPK delays myelination and remyelination and is abundant in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"147","author":"Marziali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-006-0037-0","article-title":"Molecular and cellular basis for pathogenicity of autoantibodies: lessons from murine monoclonal autoantibodies","volume":"28","author":"Baudino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.09.014","article-title":"Interferon-gamma induces microglial-activation-induced cell death: a hypothetical mechanism of relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05450-x","article-title":"Re-establishing immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis: focusing on novel mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell regulation of Th17\/Treg balance","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead416","article-title":"Role of IL-6 and IL-6 targeted therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Nepal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.970906","article-title":"IL-10 revisited in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102647","article-title":"The role of TH17 cells in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Moser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjs063","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 impairs differentiation and function of TGF-\u03b2-induced Treg cells in autoimmune diseases through Akt and Smad3 signaling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8600","article-title":"Phosphorylation status determines the opposing functions of Smad2\/Smad3 as STAT3 cofactors in TH17 differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01163-z","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric lupus","volume":"20","author":"Legge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-21-23","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073971","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1073971","article-title":"Emerging role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2023-0091","article-title":"Oxidative stress involvement in the molecular pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis: a literature review","volume":"35","author":"Sanabria-Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638381","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.638381","article-title":"Microglial Nox2 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws012","article-title":"NADPH oxidase expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions in relation to oxidative tissue damage and mitochondrial injury","volume":"135","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020150","article-title":"Involvement of astrocytes in the formation, maintenance, and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"13","author":"Schiera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-006-9025-3","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: structural components and function under physiologic and pathologic conditions","volume":"1","author":"Persidsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.11.013","article-title":"Role of the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Ortiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Res."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60842","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived VEGF-A drives blood-brain barrier disruption in CNS inflammatory disease","volume":"122","author":"Argaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4711-2_11","article-title":"Mediators of cerebral edema","volume":"474","author":"Schilling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.10.914","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats","volume":"61","author":"Proescholdt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030248","article-title":"Hypoxic neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Hollingworth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-138834","article-title":"C5a alters blood-brain barrier integrity in experimental lupus","volume":"24","author":"Jacob","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5990","article-title":"Alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.040","article-title":"Malignant cerebral edema related to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"364","author":"Koffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20200100","article-title":"Malignant cerebral edema: an unusual neurological manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"De Moraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15031006","article-title":"The exosome-mediated PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway in neurological diseases","volume":"15","author":"Iranpanah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001643","article-title":"TSPO PET\/MR in neuropsychiatric lupus: neuroinflammatory metabolic signatures and diagnostic biomarkers","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137998","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease","volume":"14","author":"Corbali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1333-z","article-title":"Complement-dependent bystander injury to neurons in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica","volume":"15","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03834-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate lupus nephritis by regulating T and B cell responses","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109601","article-title":"The role of tolerogenic dendritic cells in systematic lupus erythematosus progression and remission","volume":"115","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02538","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate dendritic cell maturation and function","volume":"9","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.06.009","article-title":"The contribution of macrophages to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"207","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00374","article-title":"Microglia in multiple sclerosis: friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656422","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1656422","article-title":"The critical role of Th17 cells and IL-17A in autoimmune and inflammation-associated neurological diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Xu Lou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03435-1","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells primed with disease-conditioned-immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177584","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3177584","article-title":"Exosome derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal cell exerts immunomodulatory effects on B cells from SLE patients","volume":"2023","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8779","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29721","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of extracellular vesicles from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"235","author":"Jafarinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107207","article-title":"Intranasal administration of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells ameliorated the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"90","author":"Fathollahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91291-3","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Ahmadvand Koohsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.07.017","article-title":"Targeting central nervous system extracellular vesicles enhanced triiodothyronine remyelination effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09433-5","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and enhance lag-3 expression on foxp3 + CD4 + T cells","volume":"51","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12446","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12446","article-title":"Amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles educate type 2 conventional dendritic cells to rescue autoimmune disorders in a multiple sclerosis mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Manni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112326","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles containing miR-181a-5p as a novel therapy for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced demyelination","volume":"135","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-025-01077-4","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles suppress splenocyte activation and ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"61","author":"Vakili","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115584","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of miR-146a-enriched MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"166","author":"Shahryari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113853","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"146","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202590","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Laso-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2023.12.007","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from adipose mesenchymal stem cells target inflamed lymph nodes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"26","author":"Turano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytotherapy."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1467-x","article-title":"Opposing T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"572","author":"Saligrama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI132185","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome patients exhibit altered T cell metabolism and cytokine associations","volume":"130","author":"Mandarano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244123","article-title":"UC-BSCs exosomes regulate Th17\/Treg balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus via miR-19b\/KLF13","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746335","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3746335","article-title":"miR-20a overexpression in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes therapeutic efficacy in murine lupus nephritis by regulating autophagy","volume":"2021","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.012","article-title":"Induced regulatory T cells: their development, stability, and applications","volume":"37","author":"Kanamori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc20156","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate macrophage polarization to attenuate systemic lupus erythematosus-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in mice","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Stem Cells"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17331-8","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles regulate acquired immune response of lupus mouse in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.07.026","article-title":"Apoptotic vesicles ameliorate lupus and arthritis via phosphatidylserine-mediated modulation of T cell receptor signaling","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.08.015","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell exosomal tsRNA-21109 alleviate systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization","volume":"139","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001312","article-title":"Targeting of deciduous tooth pulp stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on telomerase-mediated stem cell niche and immune regulation in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"206","author":"Sonoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2025.152885","article-title":"Harnessing miR-16-5p-loaded exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells to restore immune homeostasis in SLE patients","volume":"230","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunobiology."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.01.044","article-title":"Autophagy activation within inflammatory microenvironment improved the therapeutic effect of MSC-Derived extracellular Vesicle in SLE","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020122","article-title":"The MSC-EV-microRNAome: a perspective on therapeutic mechanisms of action in Sepsis and ARDS","volume":"13","author":"Dos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848985","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.848985","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the regulation of Th17\/Treg homeostasis and their potential role in uveitis","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04211-x","article-title":"Apoptotic mesenchymal stem cells and their secreted apoptotic extracellular vesicles: therapeutic applications and mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275203","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1275203","article-title":"Efferocytosis by macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions: regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28399","article-title":"Efferocytosis: current status and future prospects in the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631714","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.631714","article-title":"Cellular responses to the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.02.001","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying the impairment of macrophage efferocytosis","volume":"254","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3206","article-title":"Disturbances of apoptotic cell clearance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12010138","article-title":"Targeting TLR signaling cascades in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: an update","volume":"12","author":"Kalliolias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835566","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.835566","article-title":"The role of extracellular vesicles in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03886-5","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is associated with acceleration of lupus nephritis","volume":"12","author":"Valiente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090177","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1090177","article-title":"Inhibition of miRNA associated with a disease-specific signature and secreted via extracellular vesicles of systemic lupus erythematosus patients suppresses target organ inflammation in a humanized mouse model","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102540","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and lupus nephritis - New insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033231212280","article-title":"Advances in the study of exosome-derived miRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lupus."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2022-0827","article-title":"Type I interferons in autoimmunity: implications in clinical phenotypes and treatment response","volume":"50","author":"Londe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1418-z","article-title":"Induction of endogenous Type I interferon within the central nervous system plays a protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"130","author":"Khorooshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64363-z","article-title":"Neurons promote encephalitogenic CD4(+) lymphocyte infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"10","author":"Nakazato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.07.008","article-title":"A comprehensive review on miR-146a molecular mechanisms in a wide spectrum of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases","volume":"227","author":"Mortazavi-Jahromi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001078","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-001078","article-title":"Potential involvement of circulating exosomal miRNA-146a in disease activity and TRAF6 gene expression in juvenile proliferative lupus nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Somparn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-024-00543-0","article-title":"miR-146a and miR-155 as promising biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Rajabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00090","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a is a wide-reaching neuroinflammatory regulator and potential treatment target in neurological diseases","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111504","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate macrophage polarization and enhance angiogenesis to promote diabetic wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02092-5","article-title":"Dimethyloxallyl glycine preconditioning promotes the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on kidney damage in systemic lupus erythematosus related to TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"48","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041372","article-title":"The urinary exosomal miRNA expression profile is predictive of clinical response in lupus nephritis","volume":"21","author":"Garcia-Vives","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796038\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:28:36Z","timestamp":1778732916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796038\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":152,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2026.1796038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-858X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-858X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"article-number":"1796038"}}